Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypothesising, negation and presenting others’ speech

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Language and Crime

  • 501 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter provides an introduction to hypothesising by means of modality (expressing a stance towards a proposition), the construction of hypothetical worlds by means of negation and the presentation of other people’s speech as three further textual–conceptual functions of texts.

The original chapter was corrected: The threshold of chi-square and LL ratio on p. 121 is 10.83 not 11.83.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The percentage of confidence is calculated according to the formula: one minus p-value multiplied by 100 per cent (e.g. 1−0.001 = 0.999 × 100 % = 99.9 %).

  2. 2.

    I use LL ratio figures alone without chi-square figures other than in Table 6.1 where I provided both to illustrate their proximity. Due to LL ratio’s and chi-square’s expected close proximity following from their asymptotic features, LL ratio on its own suffices to indicate that these terms are not significantly over/underused (as would chi-square figures).

  3. 3.

    This chi-square figure is not reliable and is thus presented in tandem with the LL ratio figure for control because of the discussed minimum threshold of 5 in the Appendix A.1.

  4. 4.

    For example: ‘It’s hot in here’ are the actual words uttered or the locution. Their meaning, depending on context, can be ‘I want some fresh air’ which would be a request. This is the illocution, namely the force or intention behind the words uttered. The perlocutionary effect is that the addressee of the utterance opens a window. Perlocution is thus the effect of the illocution on the hearer (or reader). (Example taken from [Thomas 1995:49].)

  5. 5.

    http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/apr/21/ched-evans-wins-appeal-against-conviction.

References

  • Barnett, B. (2006). Medea in the media: Narrative and myth in newspaper coverage of women who kill their children. Journalism, 7(4), 411–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. S. (1966). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednarek, M., & Caple, H. (2014). Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in critical discourse analysis and beyond. Discourse & Society, 25(2), 135–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A. (1991). The language of news media. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braber, N. (2014). Representation of domestic violence in two British newspapers, The Guardian and The Sun, 2009-2011. English Language Research, 86–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, A. (2013). Automatic recognition of speech, thought, and writing representation in German narrative texts. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 28(4), 563–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R. H. (2001). An introduction to criminological theory. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busà, M. G. (2014). Introducing the language of the news. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrabine, E., Cox, P., Lee, M., Plummer, K., & South, N. (2009). Criminology: A sociological introduction (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrabine, E., Iganski, P., Lee, M., Plummer, K., & South, N. (2004). Criminology: A sociological introduction. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christie, N. (1986). The ideal victim. In E. A. Fattah (Ed.), From crime policy to victim policy (pp. 17–30). Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (1980). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the Mods and Rockers. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (2002). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the Mods and Rockers (3rd ed.). London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. E. (2014). ‘Beauty and bullets’: A content analysis of female offenders and victims in four Canadian newspapers. Journal of Sociology, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotter, C. (2010). News talk: Investigating the language of journalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fludernik, M. (1993). The fictions of language and the languages of fiction. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts (pp. 41–58). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state and law and order. London: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (2013). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state and law and order (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Harcup, T. (2004). Journalism: Principles and practice. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S., & Carpenter, B. (2013). Social moralities and discursive constructions of female sex offenders. Sexualities, 16(1/2), 159–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hidalgo-Downing, L. (2000). Negation, text worlds and discourse: The pragmatics of fiction. Stamford: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jancarikova, R. (2013). Simplification in the British press: Binary oppositions in crime reports. Discourse and Interaction, 6(2), 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jancarikova, R. (2014). Victims vs. killers in the British press: Naming strategies in murder reports. Brno: Masaryk University, Faculty of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, L. (2006). Discovering language: The structure of modern English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, L. (2010a). Critical stylistics. The power of English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, L. (2010b). Opposition in discourse: The construction of oppositional meaning. London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, L. (2015a). Critical stylistics. In V. Sotirova (Ed.), A companion to stylistics (pp. 157–176). London: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewkes, Y. (2004b). Media & crime. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewkes, Y. (Ed.) (2009). Crime and media (Vol. 2). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, G. (1998). An introduction to corpus linguistics. Harlow: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenney, J. S. (2002). Victims of crime and labeling theory: A parallel process? Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23(3), 235–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood, S., & McNeill, F. (2015). Integration and reintegration: Comparing pathways to citizenship through asylum and criminal justice. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 15(5), 511–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leech, G., & Short, M. (1981). Style in fiction. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leech, G., & Short, M. (2007). Style in fiction (2nd ed.). London: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lule, J. (2001). Daily news, eternal stories: The mythological role of journalism. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, D., & Hodson, A. (1998). The Guardian book of English language. London: Guardian Creative.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, D. (2006). Point of view in plays: A cognitive stylistic approach to viewpoint in drama and other text-types. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Michelle, C., & Weaver, K. C. (2003). Discursive manoeuvres and hegemonic recuperations in New Zealand documentary representations of domestic violence. Feminist Media Studies, 3(3), 283–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mingus, W., & Burchfield, K. B. (2012). From prison to integration: Applying modified labeling theory to sex offenders. Criminal Justice Studies, 25(1), 97–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S. E. H. (2014). Crime and the media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nahajec, L. (2009). Negation and the creation of implicit meaning in poetry. Language and Literature, 18(2), 109–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nahajec, L. (2012). Evoking the possibility of presence: Textual and ideological effects of linguistic negation in written discourse. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahajec, L. (2014). Negation, expectation and characterisation: Analysing the role of negation in character construction in To kill a mockingbird (Lee 1960) and Stark (Elton 1989). In S. Chapman & B. Clark (Eds.), Pragmatic literary stylistics (pp. 111–131). London: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newburn, T. (2007). Criminology. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Hara, S. (2012). Monsters, playboys, virgins and whores: Rape myths in the news media’s coverage of sexual violence. Language and Literature, 21(3), 247–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, P. (2000). Risk societies and the government of crime. In M. Brown & J. Pratt (Eds.), Dangerous offenders: Punishment & social order (pp. 17–33). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Malley, P. (2010). Crime and risk. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, D. (1995). Compact: A Nelson intensive English course, upper intermediate. London: Nelson English Language Teaching.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ras, I. A. (2015). ‘The Alleged Fraud’: Modality in a corpus of corporate fraud news. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Poetics and Linguistics Association (PALA), Kent. On-line Proceedings. Retrieved from http://www.pala.ac.uk/uploads/2/5/1/0/25105678/ras_ilse.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Reber, E. (2014). Obama said it: Quoting as an evidential strategy in online discussion forums. Language and Dialogue, 4(1), 76–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, R. (2007). Media-made criminality: The representation of crime in the mass media. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan, & R. Reiner (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of criminology (4th ed., pp. 302–337). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J. E. (2007). Analysing newspapers: An approach from critical discourse analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Semino, E. (2002). A cognitive stylistic approach to mind style in narrative fiction. In E. Semino & J. Culpeper (Eds.), Cognitive stylistics: Language and cognition in text analysis (pp. 95–122). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Semino, E., & Short, M. (2004). Corpus stylistics: Speech, writing and thought presentation in a corpus of English writing. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, M. (1996). Exploring the language of poems, plays and prose. Essex: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, M. (2007). Thought presentation 25 years on. Style, 41(2), 227–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, M. (2012). Discourse presentation and speech (and writing, but not thought) summary. Language and Literature, 21(1), 18–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, P. (1993). Language, ideology and point of view. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tabbert, U. (2012). Crime through a corpus: The linguistic construction of offenders in the British press. In C. Gregoriou (Ed.), Constructing crime: Discourse and cultural representations of crime and ‘Deviance’ (pp. 130–144). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tabbert, U. (2015). Crime and corpus: The linguistic representation of crime in the press. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction: An introduction to pragmatics. Essex: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tottie, G. (1991). Negation in English speech and writing. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, J. (2009). Free the victim: A critique of the Western conception of victimhood. International Review of Victimology, 16, 1–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wales, K. (2001). A dictionary of stylistics (2nd ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodman, D., Threadgold, S., & Possamai-Inesedy, A. (2015). Prophet of a new modernity: Ulrich Beck’s legacy for sociology. Journal of Sociology, 51(4), 1117–1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zedner, L. (2004). Criminal justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Zoonen, L. (Ed.) (1991). A tyranny of intimacy? Women, femininity and television news. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK

    Ulrike Tabbert (Visiting Research Fellow)

Authors
  1. Ulrike Tabbert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tabbert, U. (2016). Hypothesising, negation and presenting others’ speech. In: Language and Crime. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45351-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45351-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-45350-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-45351-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation