Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of political violence on inter- and intracommunity relations and interactions during continuing conflict and distrust in the post-conflict space. The chapter mainly draws on research from the Northern Irish conflict to explore the contested and complex labels such as ‘victim’ and ‘perpetrator’ and delve into the factors involved in fuelling the intercommunal competitive dynamic that accelerates political conflict and impedes reconciliation and peace building. The chapter draws on interviews with victims of violence and purveyors of force to explore how these labels are constructed, construed and employed to gain an advantage for ‘us’ over ‘them’ in intra- and intercommunal competition.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Some estimate that only 60 % of IRA weapons were decommissioned (Belfast Telegraph, 2010).
References
A Fresh Start: The Stormont Agreement and Implementation Plan. (2015). Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/479116/A_Fresh_Start_-_The_Stormont_Agreement_and_Implementation_Plan_-_Final_Version_20_Nov_2015_for_PDF.pdf. Accessed 16 Dec 2015.
Agreement, The: Agreement Reached in Multiparty Negotiations. (1998). Belfast: HMSO
Amnesty International. (2015). Amnesty international report 2014/15: The state of the world’s human rights. London: Amnesty International Ltd.
Belfast Telegraph. (2009). Why no one wants the Eames/Bradley report to open up a new can of worms. Available from: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/columnists/laurence-white/why-no-one-wants-the-eamesbradley-report-to-open-up-a-new-can-of-worms-28496526.html. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
Belfast Telegraph. (2015). Fresh start agreement: Cross-community group accuses Northern Ireland political leaders of betrayal. Available from: http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/fresh-start-agreement-crosscommunity-group-accuses-northern-ireland-political-leaders-of-betrayal-34214029.html. Accessed 16 Dec 2015.
Bell, C. (2003). Dealing with the past in Northern Ireland. Fordham International Law Journal, 26, 4, 1095–1147.
Bloomfield, K. (1998). We will remember them. Report of the Northern Ireland victims commissioner. Belfast: Stationery Office.
Borer, T. A. (2003). A taxonomy of victims and perpetrators: Human rights and reconciliation in South Africa. Human Rights Quarterly, 25, 1088–1116.
Brewer, J. D., & Hayes, B. C. (2011). Victims as moral beacons: Victims and perpetrators in Northern Ireland. Contemporary Social Science, 6, 69–84.
Brewer, J. D., & Hayes, B. C. (2013). Victimhood status and public attitudes towards post-conflict agreements: Northern Ireland as a case study. Political Studies, 61, 442–461.
Cairns, E., Mallet, J., Lewis, C., & Wilson, R. (2003). Who are the victims? Self-assessed victimhood and the Northern Irish conflict. NIO Research and Statistical Series: Report No 7. Belfast: Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.
Davenport, M. (2005). What defines a victim in Northern Ireland? Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4375816.stm. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
de Vries, J. M. A., & de Paor, J. (2005). Healing and reconciliation in the L.I.V.E. program in Ireland. Peace and Change, 30, 329–358.
Devine-Wright, P. (2003). A theoretical overview of memory and conflict. In E. Cairns & M. D. Roe (Eds.), The role of memory in ethnic conflict (pp. 0–34). Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke, England.
Fay, M. T., Morissey, M., & Smyth, M. (1998). Northern Ireland’s troubles: The human costs. London: Pluto.
Ferguson, N. (2006). Intrastate conflicts: Instigation, propagation and resolution. In M. Fitzduff & C. E. Stout (Eds.), The psychology of resolving global conflicts: From war to peace (Group and Social Factors, Vol. 2, pp. 37–58). West Port, CT: Praeger.
Ferguson, N., Binks, E., Roe, M. D., Brown, J. N., Adams, T., Cruise, S. M., & Lewis, C. A. (2007). The IRA apology of 2002 and forgiveness in Northern Ireland’s troubles: A cross-national study of printed media. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 13(1), 93–113.
Ferguson, N., Burgess, M., & Hollywood, I. (2010). Who are the victims? Victimhood experiences in post agreement Northern Ireland. Political Psychology, 31(6), 857–886.
Gilligan, C. (2003). Constant crisis/permanent process: Diminished agency and weak structures in the Northern Ireland peace process. The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 3, 22–38.
Hamber, B., & Wilson, R. A. (2003). Symbolic closure through memory, reparation and revenge in post-conflict societies. In E. Cairns & M. D. Roe (Eds.), The role of memory in ethnic conflict (pp. 144–165). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hamber, B., Kulle, D., & Wilson, R. (2001). Future policies for the past. Belfast: Democratic Dialogue.
Healing Through Remembering, (2002). Available from: http://healingthroughremembering.org/resources/reports/core-htr-reports/ Accessed 21 June 2016.
Irish Republican Army Statement of Apology. (2002). Available from: http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/peace/docs/ira160702.htm. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
Knox, C. (2001). The ‘deserving’ victims of political violence: ‘Punishment’ attacks in Northern Ireland. Criminal Justice, 1(2), 181–199.
Mac Ginty, R., & Darby, J. (2002). Guns and government: The management of the Northern Ireland peace process. Palgrave: Basingstoke.
Mac Ginty, R., Muldoon, O., & Ferguson, N. (2007). No war, no peace: Northern Ireland after the agreement. Political Psychology, 28(1), 1–12.
Mac Ginty, R., & du Toit, P. (2007) A disparity of esteem: Relative group status in Northern Ireland after the Belfast Agreement. Political Psychology, 28, 1, 13–32.
McDougall, B. (2007). Support for victims and survivors: Addressing the human legacy. Available from: http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/victims/docs/mcdougall250107.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
Morrow, D., Robinson, G., & Dowds, L. (2013). The long view of community relations in Northern Ireland: 1989–2012. Available from: www.ark.ac.uk/publications/researchreports/. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
Nagle, J., & Clancy, M.-A. C. (2010). Shared society of benign apartheid: Understanding peace-building in divided societies. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. (2004). Available from: http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2004/. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. (2012). Available from: http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2012/.
Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey. (2013) Available from http://www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2013/. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
Purdie, B. (1990). Politics in the Streets. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press.
Rainey, M. (2015). Fresh start agreement an insult to victims. Available from: http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/northern-ireland-news/fresh-start-agreement-an-insult-to-victims-allister-1-7078073. Accessed 16 Dec 2015.
Report of the consultative group on the past. (2009). Available from: http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/victims/docs/consultative_group/cgp_230109_report.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
Smith, J. A. (1995). Semi-structured interviewing and qualitative analysis. In J. A. Smith, J. A. Harre, & L. Van Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology (pp. 9–26). London: Sage.
Smith, J. A., Jarman, M., & Osborn, M. (1999). Doing interpretative phenomenological analysis. In M. Murray & K. Chamberlain (Eds.), Qualitative health psychology: Theories and methods (pp. 218–239). London: Sage.
Smyth, M. (1998). Remembering in Northern Ireland: Victims, perpetrators and hierarchies of pain and responsibility. In B. Hamber (Ed.), Past Imperfect: Dealing with the past in Northern Ireland and societies in transition (pp. 31–49). Derry: INCORE/University of Ulster.
Smyth, M., & Fay, M.-T. (2000). Personal accounts from Northern Ireland’s troubles: Public conflict, private loss. London: Pluto Press.
Smyth, M., & Hamilton, J. (2004). The human cost of the troubles. In O. Hargie & D. Dickson (Eds.), Researching the troubles: Social science perspectives on the Northern Ireland conflict (pp. 15–36). London: Mainstream Publishing.
Statutory Instrument. (2006). No. 2953 (N.I.17) Northern Ireland: The Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006. London: HMSO.
Staub, E. (1999). The origins and prevention of genocide, mass killing and other collective violence. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 5(4), 303–337.
Stevenson, C., Condor, S., & Abell, J. (2007). The majority-minority conundrum in Northern Ireland: An orange order perspective. Political Psychology, 28(1), 105–126.
Stormont House Agreement. (2015). Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/390672/Stormont_House_Agreement.pdf. Accessed 17 Feb 2015.
The Northern Ireland Peace Monitoring Report. (2014). Belfast: Community Relations Council.
Training for Women Network. (2004). In their own words. A research report into the victims sector in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Training for Women Network.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ferguson, N. (2016). ‘I’m the Victim Here’: Intrastate Conflict and the Legacy of Political Violence. In: McGarry, R., Walklate, S. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and War. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43170-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43170-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-43169-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-43170-7
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)