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Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World

Part of the book series: Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700-2000 ((HISASE))

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Abstract

This chapter charts the dramatic shift in attitudes towards other religions by the Watch Tower organisation. Charles Russell spoke alongside Jewish leaders at public events and was open to dialogue and debate with clergy from other Christian groups, regarding them as capable of achieving salvation. His position hardened towards the end of his life, however, and the Bible Students came to regard themselves as the exclusive bearers of ‘the Truth’. Under Russell’s successor, Joseph Rutherford, the position towards the mainstream Christian churches became vitriolic. The chapter examines how the Society has presented the Christian churches and how, in turn, they have responded to this hostility. Finally, it analyses the organisation's approach to other religious traditions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In the WCC’s own words, the Council ‘is a fellowship of churches which confess the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Saviour according to the scriptures, and therefore seek to fulfil together their common calling to the glory of the one God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit’. ‘About Us’, World Council of Churches at www.oikoumene.org/en/about-us, accessed 11 August 2017.

  2. 2.

    The New World Translation renders the verse: ‘And look! I am with you all the days until the conclusion of the system of things’.

  3. 3.

    C. T. Russell, ‘View from the Tower’, Zion’s Watchtower and Herald of Christ’s Presence 6, no. 7 (Mar., 1885), 1 [730].

  4. 4.

    C. T. Russell, The New Creation: Studies in the Scriptures, Vol. 6 (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1904), 59–84.

  5. 5.

    ‘Doctrines More or Less Important’, Zion’s Watch Tower, 1 August 1913, 227–232.

  6. 6.

    Russell, The New Creation, 78.

  7. 7.

    Ibid., 84.

  8. 8.

    J. F. Rutherford, Judge Rutherford Uncovers a Fifth Column (New York City: WTBTS, 1940), 10.

  9. 9.

    ‘The Jewish Mass Meeting’, The Bible Standard 869 (March–April 2012), 20.

  10. 10.

    ‘Harvest Gatherings and Siftings’, Zion’s Watch Tower, 15 July 1906, 3821. This is a reprint of the article ‘Harvest Siftings’ first published in 1894 in Zion’s Watch Tower.

  11. 11.

    Storrs’ publications included An Inquiry: Are the Souls of the Wicked Immortal?: In Six Sermons (1842), which had a circulation of 200,000 in the United States and Great Britain by 1880. M. J. Penton, Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Third Edition (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015), 16.

  12. 12.

    ‘Bro. G. W. Stetson’, Zion’s Watch Tower 1, no. 5 (Nov., 1879), 2–3.

  13. 13.

    ‘Harvest Gatherings and Siftings’, 3821.

  14. 14.

    N. H. Barbour, ‘The Atonement’, Herald of the Morning 7, no. 2 (Aug., 1878), 26–28; C.T. Russell, ‘The Atonement’, Herald of the Morning 7, no. 3 (Sep., 1878), 39–40.

  15. 15.

    Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, First Edition (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1959), 41. Russell referred positively to the formation of the Evangelical Alliance, viewing it as a challenge to the Roman Catholic Church. G. D. Chryssides, Jehovah’s Witnesses: Continuity and Change (Farnham: Ashgate, 2016), 231.

  16. 16.

    Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, 42.

  17. 17.

    Harvest Gleanings, Vol. 1 (Chicago: Chicago Bible Students Book Publishing Committee, no date) at www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/russell/HG1.pdf, accessed 4 April 2016.

  18. 18.

    E. L. Eaton, The Millennial Dawn Heresy (New York; Cincinnati: The Methodist Book Concern, 1911).

  19. 19.

    Russell-White Debate (Cincinnati, OH: F. L. Rowe, Publisher, 1908), xv.

  20. 20.

    Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Jehovah’s Witnesses in the Divine Purpose, 44.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    F. Zydek, Charles Taze Russell: His Life and Times. The Man, the Millennium and the Message (Connecticut: Winthrop Press, 2010), 254.

  23. 23.

    ‘View from the Tower’, Zion’s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence 3, no. 12 (June 1882), 1–2 [357].

  24. 24.

    Johnson split with the Society following Russell’s death and formed the Laymen’s Home Missionary Movement, now Bible Standard Ministries. L. Larvent, ‘Opposition to the Jehovah’s Witnesses: The Laymen’s Home Missionary Movement’ in the conference proceedings: The Jehovah’s Witnesses in Scholarly Perspective: What is New in the Scientific Study of the Movement?, Acta Comparanda: Subsidia III (Antwerp: Faculty for Comparative Study of Religion and Humanism, 2016), 181–197.

  25. 25.

    C. T. Russell, The Day of Vengeance: Studies in the Scriptures, Vol. 4 (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1897), 63.

  26. 26.

    ‘Flogging given Pastor Russell’, Los Angeles Times, 8 February 1915, 1; 8.

  27. 27.

    Chryssides, Jehovah’s Witnesses: Continuity and Change, 75; G. D. Chryssides, ‘Ecumenical with the Truth? Jehovah’s Witnesses and Dialogue’, International Journal for the Study of New Religions 3, no. 1 (2012), 10–11.

  28. 28.

    J. F. Rutherford, The Crisis (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1933), 41. The booklet contains three lectures; the invitation was extended in the lecture entitled: ‘Jehovah’s Witnesses: Why Persecuted?’.

  29. 29.

    J. F. Rutherford, Religion: Origin, Influence upon Men and Nations, and the Result (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1940), 51. See also page 46.

  30. 30.

    As told by Albert D. Schroeder, ‘My Life in Jehovah’s Spirit-Directed Organization’, The Watchtower, 1 March 1988, 10–17.

  31. 31.

    C. T. Russell, Studies in the Scriptures, Vol. II: The Time is at Hand (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1911), 279.

  32. 32.

    As told by Schroeder, ‘My Life in Jehovah’s Spirit-Directed Organization’, 10–17.

  33. 33.

    See the reminiscences in ‘Costa Rica’, 1988 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1987), 198–252; ‘The Philippines’, 1978 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1977), 78–133; (as told by Lawrence Thompson), ‘“The Hand of Jehovah” in My Life’, The Watchtower, 1 March 1994, 24–28.

  34. 34.

    Rutherford, Religion, 29.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., 104.

  36. 36.

    Ibid., 365.

  37. 37.

    Ibid., 78.

  38. 38.

    Ibid., 64.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., 17–18. Compare the opening passages of Rutherford, Religion with the chapter ‘Communism and Religion’ in N. Bukharin and E. Preobrazhensky, The ABC of Communism (London: Penguin, 1969), 299–310.

  40. 40.

    J. F. Rutherford, Deliverance (Brooklyn, NY: International Bible Students Association/Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1926), 225.

  41. 41.

    Rutherford, Religion, 78.

  42. 42.

    Ibid., 46.

  43. 43.

    T. Wills, A People for His Name: A History of Jehovah’s Witnesses and an Evaluation (Morriseville, NC: Lulu, 2006), 131.

  44. 44.

    ‘Questions from Readers’, The Watchtower, 15 March 1951, 191.

  45. 45.

    Ibid., 15 August 1951, 510–511.

  46. 46.

    It was explained that this was in line with ‘the Hebrew word for [religion]’, a·boh·dáh, which literally means “service”, regardless of to whom it is rendered’. ‘Part 3—United States of America’, 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1974), 224, quoting from WTBTS, What Has Religion Done for Mankind? (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Trace Society/International Bible Students Association, 1951).

  47. 47.

    ‘The Church of the Living God’, Zion’s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence 14, no. 17 and 18 (1 and 15 September 1893), 267–269 [1572]. Russell’s views on the church as a body of believers are outlined in this lengthy article.

  48. 48.

    ‘The Church of the Living God’, 267–269 [1574].

  49. 49.

    Rutherford, Deliverance, 235.

  50. 50.

    J. F. Rutherford, The Kingdom: The Hope of the World (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1931), 12.

  51. 51.

    Rutherford, Judge Rutherford Uncovers a Fifth Column, 6.

  52. 52.

    A. Hislop, The Two Babylons: Papal Worship Proved to be the Worship of Nimrod and His Wife (London: Partridge, 1903).

  53. 53.

    ‘Celibacy—Why Imposed?’, Awake!, 8 November 1985, 4; ‘“Confess Your Sins”’, The Watchtower, 15 December 1957, 745; ‘Mary a Disciple, Not a Queen’, The Watchtower, 15 November 1956, 682; ‘Was Christ Hung on a Cross?’, The Watchtower, 1 November 1950, 425.

  54. 54.

    Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Reasoning from the Scriptures (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 1989), 41, 178.

  55. 55.

    ‘“Fear Them Not”’, The Watchtower 54, no. 21, 1 November 1933, 325.

  56. 56.

    Wills, A People for His Name, 207.

  57. 57.

    J. F. Rutherford, Enemies (New York: WTBTS, 1937), 198.

  58. 58.

    Ibid., 222–223.

  59. 59.

    Rutherford, Judge Rutherford Uncovers a Fifth Column, 17.

  60. 60.

    Ibid., 5.

  61. 61.

    Ibid., 6.

  62. 62.

    Ibid., 7.

  63. 63.

    Ibid., 9.

  64. 64.

    Ibid., 11.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., 22.

  66. 66.

    Ibid., 24–32.

  67. 67.

    Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Jehovah’s Witnesses: Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1993), 658.

  68. 68.

    In 1938, for example, the head of the Australian National Secretariat of Catholic Action appealed to the authorities to ban The Golden Age, alleging that it sowed religious strife. National Archives of Australia: Department of Trade and Customs; A425 Department of Trade and Customs, Central Office 1939/1945 Prohibited Publications “Golden Age”—Calendars. Jehovah’s Witnesses and Watch Tower Bible Society. Cabinet Minute. Prohibited Publications, Seditious; Letter from F. K. Mayer to J. A. Perkins, 15 November 1938.

  69. 69.

    Rutherford, Judge Rutherford Uncovers a Fifth Column, 24.

  70. 70.

    H. H. Stroup, The Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945), 29.

  71. 71.

    Ibid., 29. For a conflicting account, see ‘Part 2—United States of America’, 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1974), 171.

  72. 72.

    Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 512.

  73. 73.

    Rutherford, Religion, 97.

  74. 74.

    WTBTS, What Has Religion Done for Mankind?, 277.

  75. 75.

    Penton, Apocalypse Delayed, 294.

  76. 76.

    Ibid.

  77. 77.

    ‘Why the Churches Kept Silent’, Awake!, 22 August 1995, 14.

  78. 78.

    Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand! (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1988), 264.

  79. 79.

    ‘Is Mother-Goddess Worship Still Alive?’, The Watchtower, 1 July 1991, 5–7.

  80. 80.

    ‘The Catholic Church in Africa’, Awake!, 22 December 1994, 19–20.

  81. 81.

    ‘Religion’s Future in View of Its Past: Part 17—1530 onward—Protestantism—A Reformation?’, Awake!, 8 September 1989, 24.

  82. 82.

    ‘Cracks in the Edifice’, Awake!, 22 December 1987, 2–12.

  83. 83.

    “Religion’s Future in View of Its Past, 12.

  84. 84.

    ‘Why the Churches Kept Silent’, 13–14; ‘Protestantism and Apartheid’, Awake!, 22 June 1988, 3–6.

  85. 85.

    ‘Birth Control—Who Should Decide? You or the Church?’, Awake!, 22 September 1989, 23–24.

  86. 86.

    ‘Jehovah Unsheathes His Sword!’, The Watchtower, 15 September 1988, 20–21.

  87. 87.

    ‘Questions from Readers’, The Watchtower, 1 April 1989, 30.

  88. 88.

    ‘Religion’s Future in View of Its Past’, Awake!, 22 October 1989, 17–21.

  89. 89.

    ‘The Law of the Christ’, The Watchtower, 1 September 1996, 18.

  90. 90.

    ‘They Tried to Keep God’s Word From the Masses’, Awake!, December 2011, 8. See also The Bible: God’s Word or Man’s (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), 25–33.

  91. 91.

    ‘How Christendom Became a Part of This World’, The Watchtower, 1 July 1993, 9–10.

  92. 92.

    ‘Are the Orthodox Clergy Staying Awake?’, Awake!, 8 September 1996, 20.

  93. 93.

    ‘The Struggle for a Bible in Modern Greek’, The Watchtower, 15 November 2002, 29.

  94. 94.

    ‘Religious Icons—Their Ancient Roots’, The Watchtower, 1 July 2002, 3–8.

  95. 95.

    ‘Worship God “in Spirit”’, The Watchtower, 1 July 2002, 3–8.

  96. 96.

    ‘Spiritual Values—Where Are They Heading?’, The Watchtower, 15 April 2003, 4.

  97. 97.

    ‘Watching the World’, Awake!, 8 December 1995, 29; ‘Religion’s Future in View of Its Past: Part 22—1900 onward—False Religion—Overtaken by Its Past’, Awake!, 22 November 1989, 21.

  98. 98.

    B. Wilson, The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism: Sects and New Religious Movements in Contemporary Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 19.

  99. 99.

    ‘Jehovah Strengthens Those Who Prove Loyal: As told by Gresham Kwazizirah’, The Watchtower, 1 November 1971, 621–625.

  100. 100.

    ‘Worldwide Report: Rwanda’, 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: WTBTS, 2006), 48–49.

  101. 101.

    ‘Romanian Conventions Held Despite Opposition’, Awake!, 22 February 1997, 24–27; ‘Spiritual Hunger in Romania’, Awake! (22 April 1997), 31; ‘Romania’, 2006 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: WTBTS, 2005), 155–157.

  102. 102.

    ‘Christians and Human Society Today’, The Watchtower, 1 July 1993, 17; ‘A Dilemma for the Catholic Church’, Awake!, 22 February 1991, 6–10.

  103. 103.

    She recounted witnessing an anti-Semitic rant by President Knorr at Brooklyn Bethel. B. Grizzuti Harrison, Visions of Glory: A History and a Memory of Jehovah’s Witnesses (London: Hale, 1980), 102.

  104. 104.

    Harrison, Visions of Glory, 103–104. Abrahams came to the opposite conclusion, writing: ‘It is significant that Russell’s apocalypticism did not lead to antisemitism, as it did with many Populists, but to a degree of empathy with Jewish problems’. E. H. Abrahams, ‘The Pain of The Millennium: Charles Taze Russell and the Jehovah’s Witnesses 1879–1916’, American Studies, 18, no. 1 (Spring 1977), 66.

  105. 105.

    See, for example, comments in C. T. Russell, Millennial Dawn, Vol. 3: Thy Kingdom Come (Allegheny, PA: Tower Publishing Co., 1891), 244.

  106. 106.

    Ibid., 245.

  107. 107.

    Ibid.

  108. 108.

    Ibid., 248–249.

  109. 109.

    Ibid., 258.

  110. 110.

    Ibid., 260.

  111. 111.

    Ibid., 286.

  112. 112.

    ‘Travels in the Holy Land: August 1891—Editorial Notes’, Zion’s Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence 13, no. 6 (15 March 1892), 86–89; 13, no. 7 (1 April 1892), 108–110; 13, no. 8 (15 April 1892), 120–122; 13, no. 9 (1 May 1892), 139–142.

  113. 113.

    The invitation is reproduced in ‘The Jewish Mass Meeting’, 20.

  114. 114.

    The lecture is printed in three issues of The Bible Standard 869 (March–April 2012), 23; 870 (May–June 2012), 44–46; 871 (July–August 2012), 58–62.

  115. 115.

    Raymond G. Jolly wrote a letter to David Horowitz, editor of The United Israel Bulletin, describing the lecture. No reference to the lion has been found in other accounts. R. G. Jolly cited in D. Horowitz, Pastor Charles Taze Russell: An Early American Christian Zionist (New York: Philosophical Library, 1986), 68.

  116. 116.

    Interestingly, Zydek claims that Russell sung in Hebrew, although he does not acknowledge his source. Zydek, Charles Taze Russell, 293.

  117. 117.

    R.G. Jolly cited in Horowitz, Pastor Charles Taze Russell, 68; ‘Pastor Russell Cheered by an Audience of Hebrews’, New York American, 10 October 1910, reprinted in ‘Pastor Russell to address Hebrews’, The Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence, 15 October 1910, 329.

  118. 118.

    Y. Malachy, American Fundamentalism and Israel: The Relation of Fundamentalist Churches to Zionism and the State of Israel (Jerusalem: The Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1978), 66.

  119. 119.

    ‘The Recent London Meetings’, The Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence 31, no. 23 (1 December 1910), 375.

  120. 120.

    ‘1910—The Annual Report’, The Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence 31, no. 24 (15 December, 1910), 389.

  121. 121.

    ‘Good Tidings Abroad, no. 1’, The Watch Tower and Herald of Christ’s Presence 32, no. 8 (15 April 1911), 116–117; ‘Austria’, 1989 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: WTBTS, 1988), 68–70.

  122. 122.

    ‘Ukraine’, 2002 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: WTBTS, 2002), 121.

  123. 123.

    ‘Declaration of Facts’, The 1934 Year Book of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1933), 131–143.

  124. 124.

    Penton claimed that Rutherford sought compromise with the regime and only adopted a position of opposition when these overtures were not well received. This is the central argument of M. J. Penton, Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Third Reich: Sectarian Politics under Persecution (Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press, 2004).

  125. 125.

    J. F. Rutherford, Favored People (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society/International Bible Students Association Brooklyn, 1924), 5, 7.

  126. 126.

    Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Let God be True, Second Edition (New York City: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1952), 217.

  127. 127.

    Excerpts from Russell’s writing and letters from readers are reproduced interspersed with editorial commentary in Horowitz, Pastor Charles Taze Russell.

  128. 128.

    R. D. Hugelman cited in Horowitz, Pastor Charles Taze Russell, 48.

  129. 129.

    Malachy, American Fundamentalism and Israel, 59–88. The book was published posthumously.

  130. 130.

    I am grateful to George D. Chryssides for this insight.

  131. 131.

    See for example the chapter on Islam in Mankind’s Search for God (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1990).

  132. 132.

    ‘How You Might Respond to Potential Conversation Stoppers’, Reasoning From the Scriptures (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 1989), 19.

  133. 133.

    Ibid., 15–21.

  134. 134.

    ‘What Will You Say to a Jewish Person?’, Our Kingdom Ministry (October 1999), 8.

  135. 135.

    ‘What Will You Say to a Muslim?’, Our Kingdom Ministry (November 1999), 8.

  136. 136.

    The Society has prepared guidance for other religious minorities, such as advice offered in witnessing to the Indian community in Fiji, which is Hindu. ‘“Fishing” in the Waters of Fiji’, The Watchtower, 15 June 1994, 26–27.

  137. 137.

    For example, ‘I Came to Appreciate True Wisdom’, Awake!, 22 November 1988, 24–27.

  138. 138.

    ‘Sierra Leone and Guinea’, 2014 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2013), 157–158. The journey of a Muslim abandoning tobacco after studying with Witnesses also appears in the story of a Muslim from northern Queensland, Australia, in ‘The Bible Changes Lives’, The Watchtower, 1 February 2012, 10–12.

  139. 139.

    ‘Myanmar (Burma)’, 2013 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2012), 130–131.

  140. 140.

    ‘The Power of God’s Word on a Hindu Family’, The Watchtower, 1 October 2912, 9–11.

  141. 141.

    ‘Myanmar (Burma)’, 135.

  142. 142.

    ‘Trust in Jehovah!’, The Watchtower, 15 December 1993, 15–16; ‘An End to Hatred Worldwide’, The Watchtower, 15 June 1995, 5–7.

  143. 143.

    ‘Religion’s Future in View of Its Past: Part 10—537 B.C.E. onward—Still Awaiting a Messiah’, Awake! (22 May 1989), 22; Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Jehovah’s Witnesses, 141.

  144. 144.

    ‘Trained to Kill, Now I Offer Life’, Awake!, 8 September 1994, 16–20.

  145. 145.

    On Witness missionary work after 9/11, see Z. Knox, ‘The Watch Tower Society and the End of the Cold War: Interpretations of the End-Times, Superpower Conflict, and the Changing Geo-Political Order’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 79, no. 4 (Dec., 2011), 1038–1039.

  146. 146.

    Mankind’s Search for God, 299.

  147. 147.

    Chryssides, ‘Ecumenical with the Truth?, 5–26.

  148. 148.

    The Society’s changing teaching on who might be saved at judgement is outlined in Chryssides, Jehovah’s Witnesses: Continuity and Change, 255–262.

  149. 149.

    ‘Working in the “Field”—Before the Harvest’, The Watchtower, 15 October 2000, 25–30.

  150. 150.

    G. Dugan, ‘Witnesses Draw Record 194,418: Crowd Jamming 2 Ball Parks Here Joins in Condemning Organized Christianity’, New York Times, 2 August 1958, 19.

  151. 151.

    Mankind’s Search for God, 313–314.

  152. 152.

    The Bible: God’s Word or Man’s ?, 25–36.

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    Zoe Knox

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Knox, Z. (2018). Religion. In: Jehovah's Witnesses and the Secular World. Histories of the Sacred and Secular, 1700-2000. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39605-1_6

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