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Between International Science and Nationalism: Interwar Romanian Race Science

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The Races of Europe

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on the interwar period, and especially the relationship between anthropometric raciology and serology. It examines the techniques used by Romanian race anthropologists, the stories they told about national identity and origins, and what these reveal about the local reception and manipulation of ideas in weak peripheries. Like the Irish, Romanian anthropologists were at the very edge of both the transnational network of race classification and of local nationalist identity narration. Institutionalisation of anthropology fell behind that of Hungary and even after systematic research took off in the 1930s, only achieved a degree typical of 1870s–1880s Western Europe.

Also in learning from [valorificarea] the inheritance of the past, mistakes were made for a period, neglecting or even censuring remarkable works by predecessors, on the basis of the rigid, dogmatic, ideological position of foreign dialectical and historical materialism…

Nicola Ceauşescu, in the opening citation of a biography of a Romanian eugenist (Săhleanu 1979: 3).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 6–8), Milcu (1954: 1, 7–15 & 21–22), and Turda (2010: 35).

  2. 2.

    Turda (2012: 1).

  3. 3.

    Obédénare (1877: 255) and Milcu (1954: 7).

  4. 4.

    Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 6–7), Milcu (1954: 8 & 12), and Turda (2010: 36).

  5. 5.

    Milcu (1954: 8–10) and Lahovary (1927: 12–13).

  6. 6.

    Milcu (1954: 15).

  7. 7.

    Necrasov (1941: 3 & 10), Milcu (1954: 13, 19 & 22), and Rădulescu (1941: 245–46 & 266).

  8. 8.

    1937: 20.

  9. 9.

    Pittard and Donici (1926: 62, 71 & 114), Botez (1938: 37), and Turda (2012: 14).

  10. 10.

    Făcăoaru (1937: 100).

  11. 11.

    Milcu (1954: 10–11).

  12. 12.

    Milcu (1954: 21–22) and Bucur (2002: 69).

  13. 13.

    Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 8), Milcu (1954: 10), and Dumitrescu (1934: 141).

  14. 14.

    Necrasov (1941: 3–4 & 9), Milcu (1954: 20), and Bucur (2002: 69).

  15. 15.

    Milcu (1954: 13 & 20).

  16. 16.

    Rădulescu (1941: 264–65), Necrasov (1941: 3–4), and Turda (2012: 10).

  17. 17.

    In Turda (2001: 104).

  18. 18.

    Szilagyi-Gal (2002: 84) and Turda (2004: 136).

  19. 19.

    Szilagyi-Gal (2002: 84).

  20. 20.

    Râmneanţu (1941a: 149).

  21. 21.

    Rădulescu (1941: 27 & 59), Treptow and Popa (1996: 64, 119–20 & 140–41), and Turda (2012: 14).

  22. 22.

    Săhleanu (1979: 18), Treptow and Popa (1996: 146), and Bucur (2002: 35).

  23. 23.

    Rainer (1937a: 6), Făcăoaru (1943: 297), and Necrasov (1941: 126–27).

  24. 24.

    Riga and Călin (1966: 145 & 155), Milcu (1954: 11, 17 & 20), and Botez (1938: 12).

  25. 25.

    Milcu (1954: 13–16), Manuilă and Popoviciu (1924: 542), and Făcăoaru (1939b: 296–79).

  26. 26.

    Făcăoaru (1939b: 278–79), Necrasov (1941: 8), and Milcu (1954: 13 & 20–22).

  27. 27.

    Rădulescu (1941: 264–65), Milcu (1954: 13), and Râmneanţu (1939: 326).

  28. 28.

    Rădulescu (1941: 275–76) and Bucur (2002: 26).

  29. 29.

    Bucur (2002: 27–28) and Rădulescu (1941: 247).

  30. 30.

    Săhleanu (1979: 86) and Bucur (2002: 26–27 & 34).

  31. 31.

    Predescu (1940: 683), Bucur (2002: 26–27, 33–38, 68–69 & 110), and Săhleanu (1979: 68 & 86–87).

  32. 32.

    1938: 3.

  33. 33.

    Lahovary (1927: 5), Făcăoaru (1938b: 279, 1943: 292 & 295).

  34. 34.

    Gould (1981: 227), Orsucci (1998: 7), and Făcăoaru (1936: 13–15).

  35. 35.

    Bucur (2002: 39) and Milcu (1954: 11).

  36. 36.

    Turda (2010: 36).

  37. 37.

    Milcu (1954: 11 & 19).

  38. 38.

    Făcăoaru (1939b: 280) and Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 16).

  39. 39.

    Turda (2004: 136) and Bologa and Iszak (1962: 219).

  40. 40.

    Săhleanu (1979: 68), Bucur (2002: 68), and Turda (2007: 364).

  41. 41.

    Borcescu (1918: 10) and Rădulescu (1941: 245).

  42. 42.

    Rădulescu (1941: 248) and Necrasov (1941: 10–11).

  43. 43.

    Lebzelter (1929: 67–69).

  44. 44.

    Milcu (1954: 11).

  45. 45.

    Rădulescu (1941: 250 & 261–62), Landra (1942: 29), and Lahovary (1927: 12–13).

  46. 46.

    Predescu (1940, 38, 42–43 & 691).

  47. 47.

    Borcescu (1918: 5–6), Landra (1942: 29), and Predescu (1940: 324).

  48. 48.

    Borcescu (1918: 6), Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 6), and Milcu (1954: 23–24).

  49. 49.

    Săhleanu (1979: 50, 72 & 80) and Necrasov (1975: 210).

  50. 50.

    Turda (2001: 99–102).

  51. 51.

    Turda (2003: 29–30).

  52. 52.

    Necrasov (1975: 209–10), Botez (1938: 9), and Săhleanu (1979: 72).

  53. 53.

    Bucur (2002: 37 & 112).

  54. 54.

    Racovita and Valentiny (1926: 368 & 400).

  55. 55.

    Dumitrescu (1927: 13–14), Râmneanţu (1935: 54–55, 1938: 9 & 223).

  56. 56.

    Rainer (1937: 11–12), Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 533–34 & 605), and Necrasov (1941: 13–14).

  57. 57.

    Evans (2010: 12).

  58. 58.

    Făcăoaru (1943: 295), Rainer (1937: 11), and Săhleanu (1979: 91).

  59. 59.

    Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 605).

  60. 60.

    Boia (2002: 26, 29–30 & 75), Romanians previously identified with their Orthodox Slavic neighbours, but nationalism shifted the emphasis from religion to ethnicity and cultural differentiation.

  61. 61.

    Kolarz (2003: 136–38).

  62. 62.

    Boia (2002: 29–30 & 33).

  63. 63.

    See Chapter 4; Boia (2002: 30–32).

  64. 64.

    In their political rivalry with other Transylvanian ethnic factions, early modern Saxons also claimed native Dacian descent, abruptly switching to a German origin following Hapsburg conquest after 1683 (Armbruster 1977: 226–27).

  65. 65.

    Pittard (1903a: 36, 39, 46, 48 & 65), Săhleanu (1979: 33 & 94–95), and Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 90 & 98).

  66. 66.

    Eickstedt (1934: 384).

  67. 67.

    Obédénare (1877: 253–54).

  68. 68.

    Pittard (1903a: 36).

  69. 69.

    French and Scottish theorists of the 1860s–1870s also used blond Celts to reconcile French Celtic synthesis with Nordicism (see Chapter 5).

  70. 70.

    Necrasov (1941: 84 & 98) and Rainer (1937: 21).

  71. 71.

    Daniel (1940: 490–93).

  72. 72.

    Obédénare (1877: 253–54) and Daniel (1940: 491).

  73. 73.

    Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 104 & 617).

  74. 74.

    Daniel (1940: 472 & 489–96).

  75. 75.

    Bollenbeck (1999: 297–98) and Turda (2001: 105–6).

  76. 76.

    Boia (2002: 77 & 179).

  77. 77.

    Turda (2001: 106–7), Boia (2002: 95), and Bucur (2002: 111).

  78. 78.

    Boia (2002: 95).

  79. 79.

    Kogălniceanu (1976: 55–57) and Boia (2002: 29).

  80. 80.

    Boia (2002: 29).

  81. 81.

    Preda (1924: 14–15).

  82. 82.

    Săhleanu (1979: 92), Pittard (1903b: 36, 1920: 11 & 60).

  83. 83.

    1920: 11 & 60.

  84. 84.

    Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 608) and Turda (2010: 38).

  85. 85.

    1941a: 611–13 & 617.

  86. 86.

    1937: 125.

  87. 87.

    Pittard (1920: 11 & 60), Râmneanţu (1935: 49–50), and Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 536).

  88. 88.

    1941a: 613 & 615.

  89. 89.

    Săhleanu (1979: 94).

  90. 90.

    Boia (2002: 31–36).

  91. 91.

    Manuilă (1943: 5–6 & 10).

  92. 92.

    1920: 56.

  93. 93.

    Lecca (1924: 10), Necrasov (1941: 115), and Manuilă (1943: 5–6 & 9–11).

  94. 94.

    1920: 57 & 625–26. His similar conclusion two decades earlier, on far flimsier evidence, suggests a fixed Romanian nationalist agenda (1903a: 35–37)

  95. 95.

    1903b: 36.

  96. 96.

    1943: 5–6 & 9–12.

  97. 97.

    1924: 14–15.

  98. 98.

    Milcu (1954: 19) and Săhleanu (1979: 33 & 94).

  99. 99.

    Săhleanu (1979: 94).

  100. 100.

    1927: 14–15 & 27.

  101. 101.

    Kolarz (2003: 136–38) and Pittard (1920: 57 & 625–26).

  102. 102.

    Făcăoaru (1943: 284).

  103. 103.

    Bucur (2002: 39 & 146) and Milcu (1954: 16).

  104. 104.

    Pittard (1920: 32).

  105. 105.

    Făcăoaru (1943: 292), Lahovary (1927: 34), and Landra (1942: 43).

  106. 106.

    Rainer (1937: 20) and Dumitrescu (1927: 21).

  107. 107.

    Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 77–78, 103, 607–8, 615 & 633).

  108. 108.

    Pittard (1903b: 79) and Milcu (1954: 20).

  109. 109.

    1938c: 26; 1942: 141.

  110. 110.

    Eickstedt (1934: 366).

  111. 111.

    Rainer (1937: 20) and Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 77 & 103).

  112. 112.

    1941a: 77.

  113. 113.

    Rainer (1937b: 20), Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 607), and Lecca (1931: 6).

  114. 114.

    1927: 19–20.

  115. 115.

    Făcăoaru (1943: 14, 295 & 299–300), Preda (1924: 9–14), and Săhleanu (1979: 96).

  116. 116.

    Lahovary (1927: 44), Preda (1924: 9–14), and Făcăoaru (1943: 279–83, 292, 298–300 & 310).

  117. 117.

    1943: 288 & 298–300.

  118. 118.

    1940: 472 & 489.

  119. 119.

    Tornquist-Plewa (2002: 221).

  120. 120.

    Săhleanu (1979: 33 & 95–96) and Preda (1924: 9 & 14).

  121. 121.

    1924: 10 & 14.

  122. 122.

    1927: 34.

  123. 123.

    Preda (1924: 10).

  124. 124.

    Daniel (1940: 492) and Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 617).

  125. 125.

    Lebzelter (1929: 68) and Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 16). Oddly however, Râmneanţu attributed Austrian-Romanian serological affinities to ancient Teutonic settlers, apparently supporting Lebzelter (Râmneanţu 1941a: 147).

  126. 126.

    Rădulescu (1941: 261–263) and Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 615).

  127. 127.

    1941: 261–63.

  128. 128.

    Făcăoaru (1938b: 283–84) and Bucur (2002: 39, 111 & 146).

  129. 129.

    1940: 489.

  130. 130.

    Făcăoaru (1942: 141) and Lahovary (1927: 14–15 & 27).

  131. 131.

    Săhleanu (1979: 95), Făcăoaru (1937: 137, 1942: 141), and Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 17).

  132. 132.

    Făcăoaru (1936: 15), Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 18 & 93), and Turda (2012: 19).

  133. 133.

    In 1921 however, an Italian anthropologist had identified a ‘Carpathian type’ in Transylvania (Turda 2012: 7).

  134. 134.

    Făcăoaru (1936: 15–16), Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 18 & 93), and Landra (1942: 42–43).

  135. 135.

    Necrasov (1941: 9 & 124), Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 7), Popoviciu (1935–36: 78, 1938: 5 & 7–8), and Făcăoaru (1943: 296).

  136. 136.

    Râmneanţu continued ‘a full professional’ scientific life in communist Romania (Bucur 2002: 37). His lobbying in response to communist concerns about Romania’s declining birth-rate may have influenced the infamous 1966 recriminalisation of abortion, which reprised Râmneanţu’s interwar policy proposals by imposing regular state gynaecological tests and forcing ‘even teenage single mothers’ to have children who often ended up in ‘appallingly managed orphanages’ (Bucur 2002: 227–29). This laid the foundations for Bucharest’s continuing tragedy of glue-sniffing street children.

  137. 137.

    Milcu (1954: 13 & 22), Rădulescu (1941: 266), and Bucur (2002: 37–40 & 145).

  138. 138.

    1937: 118 & 123.

  139. 139.

    Bucur (2002: 145–46) and Râmneanţu (1935: 46 & 53).

  140. 140.

    Bucur (2002: 145–46).

  141. 141.

    Bucur (2002: 38 & 145), Făcăoaru (1936: 5), and Papilian and Velluda (1941b: 616).

  142. 142.

    1936: 10, 1937: 123.

  143. 143.

    Bucur (2002: 39) and Turda (2012: 15–16).

  144. 144.

    1942: 141–42.

  145. 145.

    1936: 10, 1938b: 279–81 & 286.

  146. 146.

    1938b: 286.

  147. 147.

    Bucur (2002: 38).

  148. 148.

    Boia (2002: 77 & 179).

  149. 149.

    2002: 37 & 112. Up close, Nazism was more unsettling. Făcăoaru called Germans ‘hardworking’ and ‘consummately measured’, but ‘much more impulsive and more inclined to brutality,’ than the ‘calm’ Scandinavians (1935–1936: 96).

  150. 150.

    1935–1936: 92–98.

  151. 151.

    Bucur (2002: 38–39, 112 & 146).

  152. 152.

    Moldovan (1943: 16) and Bucur (2002: 40).

  153. 153.

    1943: 390.

  154. 154.

    1938b: 281–82 & 285.

  155. 155.

    Făcăoaru (1938b: 278–85) and Bucur (2002: 146).

  156. 156.

    Szilagyi-Gal (2002: 86–87).

  157. 157.

    1938b: 279.

  158. 158.

    Bucur (2002: 113).

  159. 159.

    1943: 281–83 and Turda (2007: 370).

  160. 160.

    1936: 17, 1938b: 282, 1942: 142.

  161. 161.

    1943: 284.

  162. 162.

    Râmneanţu (1935: 47), Landra (1942: 32), and Manuilă (1943: 6).

  163. 163.

    Popoviciu (1938: 4–5), Rădulescu (1941: 266), and Lahovary (1927: 49).

  164. 164.

    Râmneanţu (1939: 327).

  165. 165.

    Moldovan (1943: 16), Bucur (2002: 40), and Săhleanu (1979: 73 & 94).

  166. 166.

    Eickstedt (1940: 180), Manuilă and Popoviciu (1924: 543), and Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 7).

  167. 167.

    CIAAP (1939: 1378–79), Popoviciu (1938: 5 & 7), Făcăoaru (1943: 296), Popoviciu (1935–36: 78), Săhleanu (1979: 96), and Manuilă (1943: 7).

  168. 168.

    Pârvan (1937: 6) and Mitu (2006: 92).

  169. 169.

    Bucur (2002: 68).

  170. 170.

    Lebzelter (1935: 68–69), Bucur (2002: 68), and Necrasov (1941: 7–8).

  171. 171.

    Pittard (1903a: 46 & 83), Kogălniceanu (1976: 55 & 59), and Slavici (1881: 49).

  172. 172.

    1940: 489.

  173. 173.

    Pittard (1903a: 39, 46, 48 & 65), Preda (1924: 14), and Râmneanţu (1941a: 153).

  174. 174.

    Pittard (1903a: 39, 46, 48, 65 & 83) and Turda (2012: 10 & 12).

  175. 175.

    Predescu (1940: 683), Popoviciu (1938: 13), and Lahovary (1927: 27).

  176. 176.

    1925: 155–58 & 162–63.

  177. 177.

    Popoviciu (1925: 158, 1938: 12), Râmneanţu (1938: 222, 1939: 327, 1941a: 153).

  178. 178.

    1925: 158–59.

  179. 179.

    1927: 34.

  180. 180.

    Râmneanţu and David (1935: 56–57 & 62).

  181. 181.

    Săhleanu (1979: 66) and Mitu (2006: 92).

  182. 182.

    1943: 374, 1946, 2 & 145–46.

  183. 183.

    Râmneanţu (1946: 145–46).

  184. 184.

    Szilagyi-Gal (2002: 84), Bucur (2002: 30), and Râmneanţu (1946: 145).

  185. 185.

    See Chapter 4.

  186. 186.

    1943: 295–8 & 305.

  187. 187.

    1927: 30–32.

  188. 188.

    Manuilă (1943: 3, 6 & 9–10) and Râmneanţu (1941a: 148 & 153–54).

  189. 189.

    1938: 10 & 12.

  190. 190.

    1925: 160–63.

  191. 191.

    Popoviciu (1938: 10 & 12), Râmneanţu (1935: 52), Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 613). Right-wing German race science influenced Râmneanţu and Popoviciu, but unlike Romania’s Nordicists, these Romanian serologists did not parade anti-Slav or anti-Alpine prejudices (Popoviciu 1938: 13; Daniel 1940: 489). In Transylvania, Hungary massively outweighed Russia as a perceived threat (Popoviciu 1938: 13).

  192. 192.

    Bucur (2002: 145) and Râmneanţu (1935: 45–46 & 53, 1941a: 151 & 154–55).

  193. 193.

    Râmneanţu (1935: 45–46, 1941b: 150 & 155), Făcăoaru (1937: 124, 132 & 137), and Papilian and Velluda (1941a: 17).

  194. 194.

    1935: 55.

  195. 195.

    1939: 327.

  196. 196.

    1937: 130; 1943: 284.

  197. 197.

    Popoviciu (1938: 3–4 & 8–15).

  198. 198.

    Texts in bold type were used to compile the statistical database.

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    Richard McMahon

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McMahon, R. (2016). Between International Science and Nationalism: Interwar Romanian Race Science. In: The Races of Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-31846-6_7

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