Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The History of Social Movements in Global Perspective pp 1–35Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Introduction: Towards a Global History of Social Movements

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements ((PSHSM))

Abstract

Protests and social movements are back: Occupy, the ‘Arab Spring’, and a rise in protest movements and demonstrations around the world seem to suggest that we have entered a new democratic age that is no longer characterized by the dominance of political parties and interest groups and no longer confined to the territory of the nation-state, but that has a truly global shape. Just as social scientists diagnosed the arrival of ‘new’ social movements in the 1970s and 1980s that replaced the labour movements as the key representatives of social conflict within a post-materialist and potentially post-industrial society, today they discover the arrival of global social movements that accompany our age of globalization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See, for example, Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2nd edn, 2010); Benjamin Tejerina et al., ‘From Indignation to Occupation: A New Wave of Global Mobilization’, Current Sociology 4 (2013), pp. 377–392.

  2. 2.

    The emphasis on novelty is strongest with Alain Touraine, The Post-Industrial Society. Tomorrow’s Social History: Classes, Conflicts and Culture in the Programmed Society (New York: Random House, 1971), although weaker in his more recent After the Crisis (Cambridge: Polity, 2014); and Alberto Melucci, Nomads of the Present. Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Culture (London: Radius, 1989) as well as Castells, Rise. This novelty refers to ‘the dominant patterns of social conflictuality’ rather than the fact that movements that have emerged in the 1970s have no antecedents, as pointed out by George Steinmetz, ‘Regulation Theory, Post-Marxism, and the New Social Movements’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 1 (1994), pp. 176–212, here pp. 179–180.

  3. 3.

    ‘The March of Protest’, The Economist, June 29, 2013. For empirical evidence on the spread of social movement activism see Jackie Smith, ‘Characteristics of the Modern Transnational Social Movement Sector’, in eadem, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pagnucco, (eds), Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997), pp. 42–58.

  4. 4.

    ‘What’s Gone Wrong with Democracy’, The Economist, March 1, 2014, pp. 47–52.

  5. 5.

    Werner Hofmann (with assistance from Wolfgang Abendroth), Ideengeschichte der sozialen Bewegung (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1971).

  6. 6.

    Cf. Stefan Jonsson, Crowds and Democracy. The Idea and Images of the Masses from Revolution to Fascism (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2013) and Christian Borch, The Politics of Crowds. An Alternative History of Sociology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). A masterful survey of radical movements as key drivers of democracy in Europe is provided by Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy. The History of the Left in Europe 1850–2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

  7. 7.

    Otthein Ramstedt, Soziale Bewegung, Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1978, p. 7 and pp. 27–28 on these two dimensions.

  8. 8.

    Michael Geyer and Charles Bright, ‘World History in a Global Age’, The American Historical Review 4 (1995), pp. 1034–1060, here p. 1059.

  9. 9.

    See, for example, the contributions in Thomas Mergel and Thomas Welskopp (eds), Geschichte zwischen Kultur und Gesellschaft. Beiträge zur Theoriedebatte (Munich: Beck, 1997). Cf. the scathing critique of this by Geoff Eley and Keith Nield, The Future of Class in History. What’s Left of the Social? (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2007) and the plea by George Steinmetz, ‘The Relations between Sociology and History in the United States: The Current State of Affairs’, Journal of Historical Sociology 1/2 (2007), pp. 1–12.

  10. 10.

    Niklas Luhmann, Ecological Communication (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989); idem, ‘Umweltrisiko und Politik’, in Kai-Uwe Hellmann (ed.), Protest. Systemtheorie und soziale Bewegungen (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 1996).

  11. 11.

    Ingolfur Blühdorn, Simulative Demokratie. Neue Politik nach der postdemokratischen Wende (Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2013) p. 44; idem, ‘Self-description, Self-deception, Simulation: A Systems-Theoretical Perspective on Contemporary Discourses of Radical Change’, Social Movement Studies 1 (2007), pp. 1–20; Cf. also Slavoj Žižek, Living in the End Times (London: Verso, updated edn, 2011); Jacques Rancière, La haine de la démocratie (Paris: La Fabrique, 2011).

  12. 12.

    See, for example, David Graeber, The Democracy Project: A History, a Crisis, a Movement (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2014).

  13. 13.

    See, for example, Gary Wilder, ‘From Optic to Topic: The Foreclosure Effect of Historiographic Turns’, American Historical Review 3 (2012), pp. 723–745, and Victorian Bonnell and Lynn Hunt (eds), Beyond the Cultural Turn. New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999).

  14. 14.

    See the conceptual remarks in Emily S. Rosenberg, ‘Transnationale Strömungen in einer Welt, die zusammenrückt’, in eadem (ed.), Geschichte der Welt, 1870–1945. Weltmärkte und Weltkriege (Munich: C.H. Beck, 2012), pp. 815–998, here pp. 819–824.

  15. 15.

    Geyer and Bright, ‘World History’, p. 1059 and p. 1043. Cf. also Geoff Eley, ‘Historicizing the Global, Politicizing Capital: Giving the Present a Name’, History Workshop Journal, 63 (2007), pp. 154–188.

  16. 16.

    Nico Slate, Colored Cosmopolitanism. The Shared Struggle for Freedom in the United States and India (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), p. 251.

  17. 17.

    Richard G. Fox and Orin Starn, ‘Introduction’, in idem, Between Resistance and Revolution. Cultural Politics and Social Protest (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997), pp. 1–16, here p. 11.

  18. 18.

    As an example for such an approach see the contributions Robin Cohen and Shirin M. Rai, Global Social Movements (London: Continuum, 2000). For a brilliant example that historicizes such images of totemic agency see Quinn Slobodian, Foreign Front: Third World Politics in Sixties West Germany (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012).

  19. 19.

    Charles Tilly, The Vendée: A Sociological Analysis of the Counter- Revolution of 1793 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); idem, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Craig Calhoun, The Question of Class Struggle: The Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982) and his more recent The Roots of Radicalism. Tradition, the Public Sphere and Early Nineteenth-Century Social Movements (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).

  20. 20.

    For another field see George Steinmetz (ed.), Sociology and Empire. The Imperial Entanglements of a Discipline (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013).

  21. 21.

    Geyer and Bright, ‘World History’, p. 1057.

  22. 22.

    Reinhart Koselleck, ‘Über die Theoriebedürftigkeit der Geschichtswissenschaft’, in Werner Conze (ed.), Theorie der Geschichtswissenschaft und Praxis des Geschichtsunterrichts (Stuttgart: Klett Cotta, 1972), pp. 10–28.

  23. 23.

    Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

  24. 24.

    See the critique by James M. Jasper, ‘Social Movement Theory Today: Toward a Theory of Action?’ Sociology Compass 11 (2010), pp. 965–976, especially p. 974.

  25. 25.

    Manu Goswami, ‘Imaginary Futures and Colonial Internationalism’, American Historical Review 5 (2012), pp. 1461–1485.

  26. 26.

    Manuel Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet Age (Cambridge: Polity, 2012), p. 223.

  27. 27.

    See the imaginative account by Karl Schlögel, Im Raume lesen wir die Zeit. Über Zivilisationsgeschichte und Geopolitik (Munich: Hanser, 2003), whose title is inspired by the geographer Karl Ratzel. An excellent summary of the sociology of spaces and places is provided by Markus Schroer, Räume, Orte, Grenzen. Auf dem Weg zu einer Soziologie des Raums (Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 2006). As case studies see James Epstein, ‘Spatial Practices/democratic vistas’, Social History 3 (1999), pp. 294–310, especially pp. 309–310 and Sebastian D. Schickl, Universalismus und Partikularismus. Erfahrungsraum, Erwartungshorizont und Territorialdebatten in der diskursiven Praxis der II. Internationale 1889–1917 (St. Ingbert: Röhrig, 2012); Davina Cooper, Everyday Utopias. The Conceptual Life of Promising Spaces (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014); Francesca Polletta, ‘“Free spaces” in Collective Action’, Theory and Society 1 (1999), pp. 1–38.

  28. 28.

    John Boli and George M. Thomas, Constructing World Culture. International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999). For a theoretical critique see Rudolf Stichweh, Die Weltgesellschaft. Soziologische Analysen, Frankfurt/Main: Suhrkamp, 2000), pp. 19–23; Bettina Heintz, Richard Münch, Hartmann Tyrell (eds), Weltgesellschaft. Theoretische Zugänge und empirische Problemlagen (Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius, 2005); and Janet Wolff, ‘The Global and the Specific: Reconciling Conflicting Theories of Culture’, in Anthony D. King (ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World System (Binghamton, NY: State University of New York Press, 1991), pp. 161–173, and empirically Oscar Handlin, One World: The Origins of an American Concept (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974); cf. Geyer and Bright, ‘World History’, p. 1047 and p. 1055.

  29. 29.

    See Castells, Networks, pp. 10–11.

  30. 30.

    William Gamson and Gadi Wolfsfeld, ‘Movements and Media as Interacting Systems’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528 (1993), pp. 114–125.

  31. 31.

    See, for example, the differentiated take by Jeffrey S. Juris, Networking Futures. The Movements against Corporate Globalization (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008).

  32. 32.

    See, for example, the remarks on a ‘globalization from below’ in the context of the Paris Commune by Kristin Ross, Communal Luxury: The Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune (London: Verso, 2015) and, with a specific emphasis on the temporality of these imaginaries Lucian Hölscher, Weltgericht oder Revolution. Protestantische und sozialistische Zukunftsvorstellungen im deutschen Kaiserreich (Stuttgart: Klett Cotta, 1989).

  33. 33.

    Castells, Networks, p. 15.

  34. 34.

    Sebastian Gießmann, Die Verbundenheit der Dinge. Eine Kulturgeschichte der Netze und Netzwerke (Berlin: Kadmos, 2014) and the critique of the concept by Marilyn Strathern, ‘Cutting the Network’, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3 (1996), pp. 517–535.

  35. 35.

    Cf. Britta Baumgarten, Priska Daphi and Peter Ullrich (eds), Conceptualizing Culture in Social Movement Research (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2014), especially the chapter by James M. Jasper, ‘Feeling–Thinking: Emotions as Central to Culture’, pp. 23–44.

  36. 36.

    Wolfram Kaiser, ‘Transnational Mobilization and Cultural Representation: Political Transfer in an Age of Proto-Globalization, Democratization and Nationalism 1848–1914’, European Review of History 2 (2005), pp. 403–424, here p. 416.

  37. 37.

    On these analytical distinctions see Carlos R. S. Milani and Ruthy Nadia Laniado, ‘Transnational Social Movements and the Globalization Agenda: A Methodological Approach Based on the Analysis of the World Social Forum’, Brazilian Political Science Review 1 (2007), pp. 10–39, here pp. 14–17, available at: http://socialsciences.scielo.org/pdf/s_bpsr/v2nse/a01v2nse.pdf.

  38. 38.

    A point made forcefully by Frederick Cooper, ‘What is Globalization Good for? An African Historian’s Perspective’, African Affairs 100 (2001), pp. 189–213.

  39. 39.

    Cf. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy and Mayer Zald (eds), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Ron Eyerman and Andrew Jamison, Social Movements. A Cognitive Approach (Cambridge: Polity, 1991).

  40. 40.

    Cf., for example, John D. McCarthy (ed.), ‘The Globalization of Social Movement Theory’, in Jackie Smith, Charles Chatfield and Ron Pagnucco (eds), Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997), pp. 243–259 and Jackie Smith, ‘Social Movements and World Politics. A Theoretical Framework’, pp. 59–77 in the same volume.

  41. 41.

    See the pathbreaking book by Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders. Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998).

  42. 42.

    Geyer and Bright, ‘World History’, as well as the magisterial study by Jürgen Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World. A Global History of the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014) as well as and volumes by Emily S. Rosenberg (ed.), A World Connecting (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012); Akira Irye (ed.), Global Interdependence. The World after 1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014) and the textbook by John Coatsworth et al., Global Connections. Politics, Exchange and Social Life in World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), vol. 2: Since 1500.

  43. 43.

    See only Akira Iriye and Pierre-Yves Saunier (eds), The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History. From the Mid-19th Century to the Present Day (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).

  44. 44.

    Charles S. Maier (ed.), Changing Boundaries of the Political (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), especially the chapter by Claus Offe.

  45. 45.

    Stuart Alexander Rockefeller, ‘Flow’, Current Anthropology 4 (2011), pp. 557–568, here p. 564.

  46. 46.

    Michael J. Schapiro, ‘Moral Geographies and the Ethics of Post-Sovereignty’, Public Culture, 6 (1994), pp. 479–502, here p. 481.

  47. 47.

    See, for example, the ERC project by Robert Gerwarth on paramilitary violence in the context of the First World War and its aftermath: http://www.ucd.ie/warstudies/researchprojects/demobilization/ as well as the contributions by Kevin Passmore, Klaus Weinhauer and Fabian Virchow in this volume.

  48. 48.

    Sidney Tarrow, Strangers at the Gate. Movements and States in Contentious Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Cf. also Olaf Kaltmeier, Politische Räume jenseits von Staat und Nation (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2012), p. 70.

  49. 49.

    See John D. Kelly and Martha Kaplan, ‘Nation and decolonization. Toward a New Anthropology of Nationalism’, Anthropological Theory 4 (2001), pp. 419–437, here p. 419.

  50. 50.

    Jean-François Bayart, Achille Mbembe and Comi Toulabor, Le politique par le bas en Afrique noire (Clamecy: Karthala, new edition, 2008).

  51. 51.

    Marie-Emmanuelle Pommerolle, ‘The Extraversion of Protest: Conditions, History and Use of the ‘International’ in Africa’, Review of African Political Economy 125 (2010), pp. 263–279, here p. 264 citing Jean-François Bayart, ‘L’Afrique dans le monde: une histoire d’extraversion’, Critique Internationale 5 (1999), pp. 97–120. For a global history of social movements that places power at the centre see Susan Zimmermann, GrenzÜberschreitungen. Internationale Netzwerke, Organisationen, Bewegungen und die Politik der globalen Ungleichheit vom 17. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert (Vienna: Mandelbaum, 2010).

  52. 52.

    Frederick Cooper, ‘Networks, Moral Discourse, and History’, in Thomas Callaghy, Ronald Kassimir and Robert Latham (eds), Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa. Global–Local Networks of Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 23–46, especially p. 24 and p. 35. As case studies see, for example, Janet Polasky, Revolutions without Borders. The Call to Liberty in the Atlantic World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015); Laurent Dubois; A Colony of Citizens. Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787–1804 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2004) and on the specific regime of temporality Malick W. Ghachem, The Old Regime and the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

  53. 53.

    Geyer and Bright, ‘World History’, p. 1049.

  54. 54.

    Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor–Network-Theory (Oxford: OUniversity Press, 2005).

  55. 55.

    See the important conceptual interventions on the mutual imbrication of gender and class by Kathleen Canning, Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).

  56. 56.

    Cf., for example, the case study by Matthew Hilton, ‘Ken Loach and the Save the Children Film: Humanitarianism, Imperialism and the Changing Role of Charity in Britain’, Journal of Modern History 2 (2015), pp. 357–394 and Gary B. Magee and Andrew S. Thompson, Empire and Globalisation. Networks of People, Goods and Capital in the British World, c. 1850–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

  57. 57.

    On the French Revolution as a moment of conceptual change see Reinhart Koselleck, The Practice of Conceptual History: Timing History, Spacing Concepts (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002).

  58. 58.

    Wolfgang Schieder, ed., Faschismus als soziale Bewegung (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1982) and the chapter by Kevin Passmore in this volume.

  59. 59.

    For the preceding paragraph see Otthein Ramstedt, Soziale Bewegung (Frankfurt/Main Suhrkamp, 1978), p. 7, 27, 30, 43, 47–55, 59–61, 75–77, 105, 107–108, 110–112; Borch, Politics of Crowds; and Gabriele Klein (ed.), Bewegung. Sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Konzepte (Bielefeld: transcript, 2004).

  60. 60.

    See Margaret R. Somers, Genealogies of Citizenship. Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 173; George Steinmetz, ‘Introduction: Positivism and its Others in the Social Sciences, in idem (ed.), The Politics of Method in the Human Sciences. Positivism and its Epistemological Others (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), pp. 44–45. For a conceptual history of ‘globalization’ see Olaf Bach, Die Erfindung der Globalisierung. Entstehung und Wandel eines zeitgeschichtlichen Grundbegriffs (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2013).

  61. 61.

    Cf. Jakob Vogel, ‘Von der Wissenschafts- zur Wissensgeschichte. Für eine Historisierung der “Wissensgesellschaft”’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft 4 (2004), pp. 639–660 vs. Lutz Raphael, ‘Die Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen als methodische und konzeptionelle Herausforderung für eine Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft 2 (1996), pp. 165–193. Cf., as an example for such a coproduction of knowledge: Tova Benski et al., ‘From the Streets and Squares to Social Movement Studies: What Have We Learned?’ Current Sociology 4 (2013), pp. 541–561.

  62. 62.

    Good introductions to social movement studies in English include Donatella della Porta and Mario Diani, Social Movements. An Introduction, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006); Hank Johnston, What is a Social Movement? (Cambridge: Polity, 2014); David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule and Hanspeter Kriesi, The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004); Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011); Charles Tilly and Lesley J. Wood, Social Movements, 1768–2008, 2nd edn (New York: Paradigm, 2009). Only Tilly and Wood, as historical sociologists, take a deep historical perspective.

  63. 63.

    For Social Movement Studies, see: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/csms20/current#.VSqM4JO1eVM; for Mobilization, see: http://www.mobilization.sdsu.edu/; for Interface, see: http://www.interfacejournal.net/; for Moving the Social, see: http://moving-the-social.ub.rub.de/; of course, we also have a range of journals dealing with social movements in other languages: in German, see, for example Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen: http://forschungsjournal.de/, and in French, the journal Le Mouvement Social: http://www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social.htm. [all accessed 12 April 2015]

  64. 64.

    Craig Calhoun, The Roots of Radicalism: Tradition, the Public Sphere and Early Ninetheenth-Century Social Movements (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).

  65. 65.

    http://www.isb.rub.de/isb/ [accessed 12 April 2015]. One of the most recent publications in the Institute’s German-language book series also calls for the more thorough historicization of social movement studies, whilst at the same time urging historians to make use of the theoretical and conceptual arsenal provided by social movement studies. See Jürgen Mittag and Helke Stadtland, ‘Soziale Bewegungsforschung im Spannungsfeld von Theorie und Empirie: einleitende Bemerkungen zu Potenzialen disziplinärer Brückenschläge zwischen Geschichts- und Sozialwissenschaft’, in Jürgen Mittag and Helke Stadtland (eds), Theoretische Ansätze und Konzepte der Forschung über soziale Bewegungen in der Geschichtswissenschaft (Essen: Klartext, 2014), pp. 13–60.

  66. 66.

    For the range of titles published in the Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements, see: http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/browse/listsubseries?subseries=Palgrave%20Studies%20in%20the%20History%20of%20Social%20Movements&order_by=publish-date [accessed 12 April 2015].

  67. 67.

    Roman Studer, The Great Divergence Reconsidered: Europe, India and the Rise to Global Economic Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 13–17.

  68. 68.

    In Germany, the rise of bourgeois society has been analysed in great detail in massive research projects based independently at the universities of Bielefeld (under Hans-Ulrich Wehler and Jürgen Kocka) and Frankfurt/Main (under Lothar Gall). See, for example, Jürgen Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labor and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1999); Lothar Gall, Bürgertum in Deutschland (Berlin: Goldmann, 1996); Peter Lundgreen (ed.), Sozial- und Kulturgeschichte des Bürgertums: eine Bilanz des Bielefelder Sonderforschungsbereichs (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000).

  69. 69.

    John Breuilly (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), Chaps. 5 and 6.

  70. 70.

    Dieter Rucht, for example, has tried to trace protest waves in West Germany after 1949. See his ‘Zur Wandel politischen Protests in der Bundesrepublik’, vorgänge 4 (2003), pp. 4–11; Stefan Berger has tried something similar for Western Europe in his ‘Social Movements in Europe since the End of the Second World War’, in Jan-Ottmar Hesse, Christian Kleinschmidt, Alfred Reckendrees and Ray Stokes (eds), Perspectives on European Economic and Social History (Wiesbaden: Nomos, 2014), pp. 15–46.

  71. 71.

    See Joachim Radkau’s magisterial account The Age of Ecology. A Global History. (Cambridge: Polity, 2014).

  72. 72.

    Holger Nehring, ‘“Generation” as Political Argument in West European Protest Movements in the 1960s’, in S. Lovell (ed.), Generations in Twentieth-Century Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 57–78. See also, more generally, Mark Roseman (ed.), Generations in Conflict: Youth Revolt and Generation Formation in Germany 1770–1968 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

  73. 73.

    A. Dirk Moses, German Intellectuals and the Nazi Past (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 55–73 on the ‘forty fivers’; Dorothee Wierling, Geboren im Jahr eins. Der Jahrgang 1949 in der DDR. Versuch einer Kollektivbiographie (Berlin: C. H. Links, 2002); Jürgen Reulecke (ed.), Generationalität und Lebensgeschichte im 20. Jahrhundert (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2003); Mary Fulbrook, Dissonant Lives: Generations and Violence through the German Dictatorships (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

  74. 74.

    Benedict Anderson, Under Three Flags. Anarchism and the Anti-Colonial Imagination (London: Verso, 2005).

  75. 75.

    Ilham Khuri-Makdisi, The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010), p. 1 and p. 26. Cf. also Constance Bantman, The French Anarchists in London 1880–1914. Exile and Transnationalism in the First Globalisation (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013); Nicola Pizzolato, Challenging Global Capitalism. Labor Migration, Radical Struggle, and Urban Change in Detroit and Turin (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). On the specific task of ‘translation’ see Sean Scalmer, ‘Translating Contention: Culture, History, and the Circulation of Collective Action’, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 4 (2000), pp. 491–514.

  76. 76.

    See, for example, Polasky, Revolutions; Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2000); Matthew D. Rothwell, Transpacific Revolutionaries: The Chinese Revolution in Latin America (New York: Routledge, 2013), Padraic Kenney, 1989. Democratic Revolutions at the Cold War’s End: A Brief History with Documents (New York: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2009).

  77. 77.

    For example Holger Nehring’s on peace movements and Alexandra Przyrembel’s on moral reform movements.

  78. 78.

    For summaries see Rosenberg, ‘Strömungen’, pp. 870–879 (published separately in English as Transnational Currents in a Shrinking World: 1870–1945 (Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2014) and Osterhammel, Transformation, Chapter 19. For case studies see Abigail Green and Vincent Viaene (eds), Religious Internationals in the Modern Age: Globalization and Faith Communities since 1750 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); David Bebbington, Victorian Religious Revivals: Culture and Piety in Local and Global Contexts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Rebekka Habermas, ‘Mission im 19. Jahrhundert. Globale Netze des Religiösen’, Historische Zeitschrift 56 (2008), pp. 629–679; Harald Fischer-Tiné, ‘Global Civil Society and the Forces of Empire: The Salvation Army, British Imperialism, and the “Prehistory” of NGOs (c 1880–1920)’, in Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier (eds), Competing Visions of World Order: Global Moments and Movements (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 29–68: Alexandra Przyrembel, ‘The Emotional Bond of Brotherliness: Protestant Masculinity and the Local and Global Networks among Religious in the Nineteenth Century’, German History 2 (2013), pp. 157–180.

  79. 79.

    Markus Friedrich, Der lange Arm Roms?: Globale Verwaltung und Kommunikation im Jesuitenorden 1540–1773 (Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2011); Vincent Viaene, The Papacy and the New World Order: Vatican Diplomacy, Catholic Opinion and International Politics at the Time of Leo XIII (1878–1903) (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2006).

  80. 80.

    Cf., for example, Christian Smith, The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and the Social Movement Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

  81. 81.

    See, for example, Amira K. Bennison, ‘Muslim Universalism and Western Globalization’, in A.G. Hopkins (ed.), Globalization and World History (London: Pimlico, 2002), pp. 74–97; Cemil Aydin, Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia. Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought, 1882–1945 (New York, NY: Columbia University Press), 2007; Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997); Ali Raza, Franziska Roy and Benjamin Zachariah (eds), The Internationalist Moment: South Asia, Worlds, and World Views 1917–39 (New Delhi: Sage, 2014); Vijay Prashad, Darker Nations. A People’s History of the Third World (New York: New Press, 2007).

  82. 82.

    Martin W. Lewis and Kären Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997) and Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other. How Anthropology Makes its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).

  83. 83.

    Geyer and Bright, ‘World History’, p. 1035, fn 5. Cf. Thomas McCarthy, Race, Empire and the Idea of Human Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

  84. 84.

    Sandi E. Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism. Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of History, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Stefan Berger

  2. Divion of History and Politics, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK

    Holger Nehring

Authors
  1. Stefan Berger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Holger Nehring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Stefan Berger

  2. University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom

    Holger Nehring

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Berger, S., Nehring, H. (2017). Introduction: Towards a Global History of Social Movements. In: Berger, S., Nehring, H. (eds) The History of Social Movements in Global Perspective. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-30427-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-30427-8_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-30425-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-30427-8

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation