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Joining the Movement

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Family Networks and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, 1870–1940

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Abstract

This chapter explores the way in which individuals were radicalized and joined the movement. While a range of routes into the revolutionary underground were possible, including through contact with radical or socialist students and staff at school or university, attendance at a workers’ meeting or reading illegal literature, often individuals were drawn into political activities through family connections. It was not unusual for an elder sibling to become involved in some form of revolutionary circle independently and then recruit their brothers and sisters to the movement. In some cases, the democratic or radicalized outlook of parents ensured children were open to revolutionary ideas. It was also not unknown for adults to draw their parents into the underground.

The circle accepted as members only persons who were well known and had been tested in various circumstances, and of whom it was felt that they could be trusted absolutely. […] The circle preferred to remain a closely united group of friends; and never did I meet elsewhere such a collection of morally superior men and women as the score of persons whose acquaintance I made at the first meeting of the Circle of Chaikovskii. I still feel proud of having been received into that family.

—Peter Kropotkin (P. Kropotkin , Memoirs of a Revolutionist (New York: Horizon Press, 1968), p. 306.)

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Notes

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    Politicheskaia katorga i ssylka : biograficheskii spravochnik chlenov o-va politkatorzhan i ssy’lno-poselentsev, ed. by M.M. Konstantinov (Moscow : Izdatel’stvo Vsesoiuznogo Obshchestva Politkatorzhan i ssyl’no-poselentsev, 1934), p. 764 and p. 866.

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    Katy Turton, Forgotten Lives: The Role of Lenin’s Sisters in the Russian Revolution, 1864–1937 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 10–29.

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    Iu.O. Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, ed. P.Iu. Savel’ev (Moskva: ROSSPEN, 2004), p. 31 and p. 42. Kranikhfel’d went on to marry Martov’s sister Nadezhda Osipovna (Martov, Zapiski, p. 459).

  30. 30.

    ‘Interview with Lydia Dan’, in Leopold H. Haimson, The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 68.

  31. 31.

    V.O. Tsederbaum (V. Levitskii), ‘Za chetvert’ veka’ in Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, p. 435.

  32. 32.

    Alice Stone Blackwell, ed., The Little Grandmother of the Russian Revolution: Reminiscences and Letters of Catherine Breshkovsky (Westport, Connecticut: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1973), p. 31.

  33. 33.

    ‘Praskovaia Ivanovskaia ’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 99, pp. 101–102 and p. 112.

  34. 34.

    Vera’s brother Pëtr became a ‘prominent mining engineer’ in Perm and Ufa, while her other brother Nikolai was ‘an operatic tenor’ (Vera Figner , Memoirs of a Revolutionist (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991), p. 12).

  35. 35.

    Figner, Memoirs, p. 12, p. 39, p. 40 and p. 48.

  36. 36.

    ‘Olga Liubatovich ’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 146.

  37. 37.

    ‘Vera Zasulich’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 76.

  38. 38.

    Ulam, In the Name of the People, p. 153.

  39. 39.

    ‘Vera Figner ’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 31; AvrahmYarmolinsky, Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism (London: Cassell, 1957), p. 314; Ulam, In the Name of the People, pp. 347–348.

  40. 40.

    Iraida Karaseva (Murav’eva) Ul’ianova , ‘Avtobiografiia’, in RGASPI, f. 124, o. 1, ed. khr. 823, l. 6.

  41. 41.

    E.A. Rees, Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich (London: Anthem Press, 2012), p. 3 and p. 6.

  42. 42.

    Avgusta Iakovlevn Degtiareva-Boksberg (Zonta), ‘Avtobiografiia’, in RGASPI, f. 124, o. 1, ed. khr. 572, l. 8.

  43. 43.

    Michael Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914–1917 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990), p. 27 and p. 28.

  44. 44.

    Members of the People’s Will included the brothers N.L. and B.L. Zotov (Iu.O. Martov, Zapiski sotsial-demokrata, ed. P.Iu. Savel’ev (Moskva: ROSSPEN, 2004), p. 68); amongst the social democrats were the siblings Nikolai Mikhailovich Velichkin and his sister Klavdia, who had been members of the Moscow Workers’ Union and were active in Tula in 1894 (James D. White, ‘Bogdanov in Tula ’, in Studies in Soviet Thought, 1981, Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 53); the Krasin brothers, Leonid and German Borisovich, who joined the social-democratic movement together (M.A. Sil’vin, ‘K biografii V.I. Lenina (Iz vospominanii)’ in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1924, No. 7, p. 67); Viktor Pavlovich Nogin , who worked with his brother T.P. Nogin for the RSDRP publication Iskra (The Spark) in Moscow in 1901 (V.P. Nogin, ‘Vospominaniia V.P. Nogina o Moskovskoi organizatsii’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 2, p. 205); the sisters Vassa and Aleksandra Kondrat’eva (Al. Bogdanov (Anton), ‘Samarskaia s.-d organizatsiia (1906–1907 gg.)’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 7, p. 176); the Liubimov brothers, Vladimir, Vasilii and Leonid, in the Minsk organization of RSDRP 1903–1905 (E. Belen’kii , ‘K istorii Minskoi organisatsii RSDRP(b) v 1903–1905 gg.)’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 8, p. 65); the brothers Ivan and Mikhail Kadomtsev and Mikhail and Petr Guzakov (Sulimov, ‘K istorii’, p. 100 and p. 106); the siblings involved in bomb-making and weapons transportation in Finland , the brothers Klingstedt, Niuman and Niulander (Smirnov, ‘Revoliutsionnaia rabota v Finlandii’, p. 126); L. Shklovskii worked in the Ekaterinoslav Bolshevik organization with his brother Iakov in 1905 (L. Shklovskii (Sergei), ‘Vospominanii o 1905 gode’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1926, No. 1, p. 191); and, finally, the Berzin sisters, Al’ma and Marta Karlovna (M. Latsis, ‘Podpol’naia rabota v Moskve (1914–1915)’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 10, p. 204).

  45. 45.

    ‘Interview with Lydia Dan’, in Haimson, The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries, pp. 68–69.

  46. 46.

    O. Piatnitsky , Memoirs of a Bolshevik (London: Martin Lawrence Ltd., 1927), p. 17.

  47. 47.

    Bogdana Petrovna Milevskaia , in RGASPI, f. 124, o. 1, ed. khr. 1270, l. 3.

  48. 48.

    See also Ulam, In the Name of the People, p. 159.

  49. 49.

    William Reswick , I Dreamt Revolution (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1952), p. 20.

  50. 50.

    Reswick, I Dreamt Revolution, p. 20.

  51. 51.

    Figner, Memoirs, pp. 36–37.

  52. 52.

    Ol’ga Evgen’evna Allilueva, ‘Avtobiografiia’, in RGAPSI, f. 124, o. 1, ed. khr. 40, l. 7.

  53. 53.

    Aleksandra Mikhailovna Iakubova , ‘Avtobiografiia’, in RGASPI, f. 124, o. 1, ed. khr. 2245, l. 10 and l. 11.

  54. 54.

    See, for example, E.Ia. Drabkina , ‘Tovarishch Natasha’ and A.N. Emel’ianov, ‘Rasskaz o moei materi’, in S.F. Vinogradova, E.A. Gilyarova, M.Ia. Razumova (eds), Leningradki: vospominaniya, ocherki, dokumenty (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1967), p. 100 and p. 73.

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    Ivan Alexandrovich Yukhotsky, ‘Prisoner of the Tsar’, in Norman Stone and Michael Glenny, eds., The Other Russia (London: Faber and Faber, 1990), p. 79.

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    Avetis Pavlovich Gevorkiants, ‘Avtobiografiia’, in in RGASPI, f. 124, o. 1, ed. 450, l. 8.

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    B.I. Gorev, Iz partiinogo proshlogo. Vospominaniia, 1895–1905 (Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1924), p. 35; Elizaveta Alekseevna Elagina , ‘Avtobiografiia chlena VOSB Elaginoi E.A., in RGASPI, f. 124, o. 1, ed. khr. 633, l. 4 ob.

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    Bertram D. Wolfe, ‘Lenin and Inessa Armand ’, in Slavic Review, 1963, Vol. 22, No. 1, p. 99 and pp. 100–101; Elwood, Inessa Armand , p. 35 and p. 55.

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    Ulam, In the Name of the People, p. 292; Aleksandr Dmitrievich Mikhailov , ‘Avtobiograficheskiia zametki’, in Byloe, 1906, No. 2, p. 160.

  60. 60.

    Tova Yedlin, ‘Maxim Gorky : His Early Revolutionary Activity and his Involvement in the Revolution of 1905’, in Canadian Slavonic Papers/Revue Canadienne des Slavistes, 1975, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 89; Tova Yedlin, Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1999) p. 33. Gorky’s first wife was E.P. Peshkova.

  61. 61.

    André Liebich , From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 20; Haimson, The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries, p. 462.

  62. 62.

    Amongst the social democrats were Aleksei and Elena Voitevich in the RSDRP Moscow Committee in 1906 (Nogin, ‘Vospominaniia V.P. Nogina’, p. 210); A.M. Bulygin and his wife Nastia, who ran a bomb-making workshop in St Petersburg in 1905 (Sergei Sulimov (‘Petr’), ‘Vospominaniia o boevoi tekhnicheskoi gruppe pri TsK partii (1905–1907 gg.)’ in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 7, p. 95); A.P. Romanova, who worked on an underground typograph with her fiancé (A. Sukhov , ‘Revoliutsiia 1905 g. v Nizhnem i Sormove (Vospominaniia agitatora)’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 11, p. 223); and Stepan Shaumian, who with his wife and two sons was at the heart of the Bolshevik community in Baku (Miklós Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2003), p. 90.).

  63. 63.

    Preobrazhenskii , ‘Evgeniia Bogdanovna Bosh ’, p. 9; Martynov-Piker, ‘Vospominaniia revoliutsionera’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 11, p. 272; Grigorii Bienstock and wife Judith Grinfeld (Liebich, From the Other Shore, p. 60).

  64. 64.

    Michael Melancon, The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Russian Anti-War Movement, 1914–1917 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990), p. 211.

  65. 65.

    Figner, Memoirs of a Revolutionist, p. 44.

  66. 66.

    Breshko-Breshkovskaia quoted in Blackwell, Little Grandmother of the Russian Revolution, pp. 39–40.

  67. 67.

    Eva L’vovna Broido, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, ed. and trans. by Vera Broido (London, 1967), p. 14; Clements, Bolshevik Feminist, p. 22.

  68. 68.

    Andre Liebich, ‘Mensheviks, Then and Now’, in Russian Review, 1989, Vol. 48, No.1, p. 69.

  69. 69.

    Barbara Alpern Engel, Mothers and Daughters: Women of the Intelligentsia in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1983), p. 195; William Wagner, Marriage, Property, and Law in Late Imperial Russia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 75. One Orthodox writer expressed it thus: ‘The appointed place of a male is in the life of the family and of society beyond the family […] The appointed place of a female is in the life of the family […]’ (Wagner, Marriage, Property, and Law, p. 75).

  70. 70.

    Engel, Mothers and Daughters, p. 186.

  71. 71.

    B. Savinkov, Vospominaniia terrorista (Benson, Vermont: Chalidze Publications, 1986), p. 270.

  72. 72.

    Marc Jansen, ‘Boris Savinkov’s Sons’, in Revolutionary Russia, 2001, Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 131.

  73. 73.

    E.A. Anan’in, ‘Iz vospominanii revoliutsionera, 1905–1923 gg.’, in Hoover Institution Archive, Nicolaevsky Papers, Series 279, Box 672, Folder 2, p. 16. See also Figes, The Whisperers, p. 3. Ovseenko later became a Bolshevik.

  74. 74.

    Savinkov, Vospominaniia terrorista, pp. 317–318.

  75. 75.

    Broido, Memoirs, 47; Secret Police Report, 1911, in I.E. Gorelova, Bol’sheviki: Dokumenty po istorii bol’shevizma s 1903 po 1916 g. byvshego Moskovskogo Okhrannogo Otdeleniia (Moscow , 1990), p. 132; Kollontai, Autobiography, p. 22.

  76. 76.

    I.A. Kreinert (Ketov), ‘Ubiistvo Sipiagina. 2/14 Aprelia 1902 g.’ in A.I. Spiridovich, ed., Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov i eia preshestvenniki, 1886-1916 (Petrograd : Voennaia tipografiia, 1918), pp. 2–5.

  77. 77.

    N. Krupskaia, Vospominaniia o Lenine (Moscow : Partiinoe izdatel’stvo, 1932), p. 131.

  78. 78.

    Vera Broido , Daughter of Revolution: A Russian Girlhood Remembered (London: Constable, 1998), p. 9.

  79. 79.

    Olga Chernov Andreyev, Cold Spring in Russia, trans. Michael Carlisle (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1978), p. 20.

  80. 80.

    ‘Elizaveta Kovalskaia’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 217.

  81. 81.

    ‘Elizaveta Kovalskaia’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 216.

  82. 82.

    Abraham Ascher, Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1972), p. 27.

  83. 83.

    S. Balashov, ‘Rabochee dvizhenie v Ivanovo-Voznesenske (1898–1905gg.)’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 9, p. 151; see also, ‘Olga Liubatovich ’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 153 and Nikolai Emel’ianovich Aivasov, ‘Avtobiografiia’, in RGASPI, f. 124, o. 1, ed. khr. 20, l. 7.

  84. 84.

    Reswick, I Dreamt Revolution, p. 20.

  85. 85.

    Reswick, I Dreamt Revolution, p. 22.

  86. 86.

    Reswick, I Dreamt Revolution, p. 22.

  87. 87.

    See Katy Turton, ‘A Mother’s Love or Political Statement: The Role of Mariia Aleksandrovna Ul’ianova in her Family’s Revolutionary Struggle’, in Women’s History Review, 2007, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 577–594.

  88. 88.

    Clements , Bolshevik Women, p. 37.

  89. 89.

    Kropotkin, Memoirs, p. 306.

  90. 90.

    Nurit Schleifman , Undercover Agents in the Russian Revolutionary Movement: The SR Party, 1902–1914 (Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1988), p. 75.

  91. 91.

    Schleifman , Undercover Agents, pp. 75–78 and p. 81.

  92. 92.

    Piatnitsky , Memoirs, pp. 127–128.

  93. 93.

    S.G. Strumilin, quoted in David Lane, The Roots of Russian Communism: A Social and Historical Study of Russian Social-Democracy 1898–1907 (Assen: Van Gorcum and Company, 1969), p. 12.

  94. 94.

    Lane, The Roots of Russian Communism, p. 13. The 1910 figure is Trotsky’s estimate, cited in Richard Pipes, A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), p. 107.

  95. 95.

    Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power (London: Pluto Press, 2004), p. xxix.

  96. 96.

    Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, p. 235.

  97. 97.

    Lane, The Roots of Russian Communism pp. 11–12.

  98. 98.

    Lane, The Roots of Russian Communism, p. 46.

  99. 99.

    Kropotkin, Memoirs, p. 315.

  100. 100.

    Stepniak, Underground Russia, p. 63 and p. 131. See also Leo Deutsch , Sixteen Years in Siberia , trans. by Helen Chisholm (London: J. Murray, 1905), p. 7.

  101. 101.

    ‘Olga Liubatovich ’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 149.

  102. 102.

    Kropotkin, Memoirs, p. 315.

  103. 103.

    ‘Praskovaia Ivanovskaia’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, pp. 122–123.

  104. 104.

    Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, p. 73 and p. 162.

  105. 105.

    Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, p. 200.

  106. 106.

    Liebich, From the Other Shore, p. 36 and p. 353.

  107. 107.

    Andreyev, Cold Spring, p. 36 and p. 44.

  108. 108.

    Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, p. 201.

  109. 109.

    Stepniak, Underground Russia, p. 4.

  110. 110.

    Martynov-Piker, ‘Vospominaniia revoliutsionera’, in Proletarskaia revoliutsiia, 1925, No. 11, p. 271.

  111. 111.

    ‘Olga Liubatovich ’, in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 191.

  112. 112.

    Krupskaia, Vospominaniia, p. 116.

  113. 113.

    Ulam, In the Name of the People, p. 134; Molotov Remembers, p. 187; Nikolay Valentinov (N.V. Volsky), Encounters with Lenin, trans. by Paul Rosta and Brian Pearce, foreward by Leonard Schapiro (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 109.

  114. 114.

    Ulam, In the Name of the People, pp. 347–348.

  115. 115.

    V. Kartsev , Krzhizhanovskii (Moscow : Izdatel’stvo “Molodaia gvardiia”, 1985), p. 51 and pp. 60–61; Fitzpatrick , On Stalin’s Team, p. 29.

  116. 116.

    E.A. Rees, Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich (London: Anthem Press, 2012), p. 6.

  117. 117.

    Letter, Nadezhda Konstantinovna to Mariia Aleksandrovna Ul’ianova, 4 April 1899, in V.I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 55 vols. (Moscow : Gospolitizdat, 1958), Vol. 55, p. 409. Krupskaia suffered from Graves’ disease, which can affect a woman’s fertility (Service, Robert, Lenin: A Biography (London: Macmillan, 2000), p. 117). Service writes that Lenin once said to the Zinovievs: ‘Eh, it’s a pity that we don’t have such a Stepa’ (Stepa being the diminutive name of their son, Stepan) (Service, Lenin, p. 213).

  118. 118.

    Kartsev , Krzhizhanovskii, p. 241.

  119. 119.

    Letter, A.I. Ul’ianova-Elizarova to Mark Timofeevich Elizarov , 8 February 1913, in RGASPI, f. 13, o. 1, ed. khr. 227, l. 5.

  120. 120.

    Yedlin, ‘Maxim Gorky ’, p. 83 and p. 85.

  121. 121.

    See, for example, Iu. Denike, ‘Vospominaniia’, in Hoover Institution Archive, Nicolaevsky papers, Series 279, Box 672, Folder 11, p. 19.

  122. 122.

    M.M. Shneerov, ‘Memoirs’, in Hoover Institution Archive, Nicolaevsky Papers, Series 232, Box 392, Folder 10, p. 7.

  123. 123.

    Bertram D. Wolfe, review of Vladimir Il’ich Lenin: Biograficheskaia Khronika, 1870–1924. Vol. 1: 1870–1905, in Slavic Review, 1972, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 676–678; Valentinov, Encounters with Lenin, p. 109.

  124. 124.

    Valentinov, Encounters with Lenin, p. 109.

  125. 125.

    ‘Interview with Lydia Dan’, in Haimson, The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries, p. 212.

  126. 126.

    Nurit Schleifman , Undercover Agents in the Russian Revolutionary Movement: The SR Party, 1902–1914 (Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1988), p. 25.

  127. 127.

    ‘Interview with Lydia Dan’, in Haimson, The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries, p. 68.

  128. 128.

    Latsis, ‘Podpol’naia rabota v Moskve (1914–1915)’, p. 202.

  129. 129.

    Yarmolinsky, Road to Revolution, p. 211.

  130. 130.

    Nogin, ‘Vospominaniia V.P. Nogina’, p. 206.

  131. 131.

    ‘Vera Figner , in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 34.

  132. 132.

    ‘Vera Figner , in Engel and Rosenthal, Five Sisters, p. 34.

  133. 133.

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  134. 134.

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  1. School of History, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

    Katy Turton

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Turton, K. (2018). Joining the Movement. In: Family Networks and the Russian Revolutionary Movement, 1870–1940. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-0-230-39308-0_1

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