Race, Culture, and Gender pp 89-114 | Cite as
Silenced, Shamed, Speaking Out and the Strong Black Woman
Abstract
This chapter describes women’s initial attempts to speak about experiences of violence and abuse and the responses. When Black women are unable to manage adverse experiences and display distress, they can be perceived by family members and friends as failing to uphold the survival legacy handed down through the generations from slavery (Beauboeuf-Lafontant T, Gend Soc 21:28–51, 2007; Qual Soc 31:391–406, 2008; Behind the mask of the strong black woman: voice and the embodiment of a costly performance. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2009; Hill Collins P, Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. Unwin Hyman, London, 1990; Fighting words: black women and the search for justice. Minnesota University Press, Minnesota, 1998; Lorde 1980, 1984; Washington P, Violence Against Women 7:1254–1283, 2001). Women interviewed for this project are encouraged by women they know to show strength, not dwell on past abuse and violence and to ignore their emotions. Even though they resist, they are nonetheless read by others as embodying strength; this incurs feelings of shame.
Keywords
Strong black woman Shame Racial betrayalReferences
- Ahmed, S. (2004). The Cultural Politics of Emotions. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Ahmed, S. (2010). Secrets and Silence in Feminist Research. In R. Ryan-Flood & R. Gill (Eds.), Secrets and Silence in the Research Process: Feminist Reflections (pp. xxvi–xxxi). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Ahrens, C. E. (2006). Being Silenced: The Impact of Negative Social Reactions on the Disclosure of Rape. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 263–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Alleyne, A. (2004). Black Identity and Workplace Oppression. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 4(1), 4–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2007). “You Have to Show Strength” An Exploration of Gender, Race, and Depression. Gender & Society, 21, 28–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2008). Listening Past the Lies That Make Us Sick: A Voice-Centered Analysis of Strength and Depression Among Black Women. Qualitative Sociology, 31, 391–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2009). Behind the Mask of the Strong Black Woman: Voice and the Embodiment of a Costly Performance. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
- Bernard, C. (2001). Lived Experiences – Representations of Black Mothers in Child Sexual Abuse Discourses. London: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Black, P. (2012). Black by Design: A 2 Tone Memoir. London: Serpent’s Tail.Google Scholar
- Bogle, M. (1988). Brixton Black Women’s Centre: Organising on Child Sexual Abuse. Feminist Review, 28, 132–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bolen, R. (2001). Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure. New York/London: Kluwer and Plenum.Google Scholar
- Boyce-Davies, C. (1994). Black Women, Writing and Identity: Migrations of the Subject. London/New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Briere, J. (1992). Child Abuse Trauma: Theory and Treatment of the Lasting Effects. Newbury Park: Sage.Google Scholar
- Brison, S. (1997). Outliving Oneself: Trauma, Memory, and Personal Identity. In D. Meyers (Ed.), Feminists Rethink the Self (pp. 12–39). Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
- Brown, J. S., Casey, S. J., Bishop, A. J., Prytys, M., Whittinger, N., & Weinman, J. (2011). How Black African and White British Women Perceive Depression and Help-Seeking: A Pilot Vignette Study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(4), 362–374.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Campbell, D., Campbell, J., Alexander, K., Callwood, G., Bertrand, D., Sharps, P., & St. Vil, N. (2017). Relationships, Attitudes and Behaviours of Caribbean Women and Men Towards Partner Violence and Sexual. http://hdl.handle.net/10755/616509: Henderson Repository.
- Campbell, R., & Raja, S. (1999). Secondary Victimization of Rape Victims: Insights from Mental Health Professionals Who Treat Survivors of Violence. Violence and Victims, 14, 261–275.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Crenshaw, K. (1994). Intersectionality and Identity Politics: Learning from Violence Against Women of Color. In M. Fineman & R. Mykitiuk (Eds.), The Public Nature of Private Violence (pp. 178–193). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Edge, D. (2007). Ethnicity, Psychosocial Risk, and Perinatal Depression: A Comparative Study Among Inner-City Women in the United Kingdom. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63(3), 291–295.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Edge, D. (2008). ‘We Don’t See Black Women Here’: An Exploration of the Absence of Black Caribbean Women from Clinical and Epidemiological Data on Perinatal Depression in the UK. Midwifery, 24, 379–389.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Edge, D., & MacKian, S. C. (2010). Ethnicity and Mental Health Encounters in Primary Care: Help-Seeking and Help-Giving for Perinatal Depression Among Black Caribbean Women in the UK. Ethnicity and Health, 15(1), 93–111.Google Scholar
- Enander, V. (2010). “A Fool to Keep Staying”: Battered Women Labeling Themselves Stupid as an Expression of Gendered Shame. Violence Against Women, 16(1), 5–31.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Finkelhor, D. (1999). Child Sexual Abuse. Challenges Facing Child Protection and Mental Health Professionals. In E. Ullman & W. Hilweg (Eds.), Childhood Trauma, Separation and War (pp. 101–116). Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1985). The Traumatic Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A Conceptualization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55(4), 530–541.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fortune, M., & Enger, C. (2006). Violence Against Women and the Role of Religion. Harrisburg: VAWnet. A Project of the National Resource Center on DomesticViolence/Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.v
- Fricker, M. (2008). Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Theoria, 61, 69–71.Google Scholar
- Fyfe, M. (2007). Survivor’s Stories: An Enlightening Journey Through the Differing Lives of Child Abuse Survivors (Vol. 1–6). Hitchin: 11th Commandment Publishing.Google Scholar
- Garfield, G. (2005). Knowing What We Know: African American Women’s Experiences of Violence and Violation. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
- Gilroy, P. (2000). Between Camps: Nations, Cultures and the Allure of Race. London: Penguin Press.Google Scholar
- Hammonds, E. (1997). Towards a Genealogy of Black Female Sexuality: The Problematic of Silence. In J. Alexander & C. Mohanty (Eds.), Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures (pp. 93–104). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Hammonds, E. (2002). Black (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Subjectivity. In K. Wallace-Saunders (Ed.), Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture (pp. 301–320). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
- Herman, J., & Hirschman, L. (2005). Father-Daughter Incest. In Berger, Edelson, & Renzetti.Google Scholar
- Hill Collins, P. (1990). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar
- Hill Collins, P. (1998). Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. Minnesota: Minnesota University Press.Google Scholar
- Hill Collins, P. (2009). Piecing Together a Genealogical Puzzle: Intersectionality and American Pragmatism. European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, 3, 88–112.Google Scholar
- Hochschild, A. (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
- hooks, b. (1981). Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
- Jackson, L., & Greene, B. (Eds.). (2000). Psychotherapy with African American Women: Innovations in Psychodynamic Perspectives and Practice. New York: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
- James, J. (1999). Shadowboxing: Representations of Black Feminist Politics. New York: St Martin’s Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jeremiah, R., Quinn, C., & Alexis, J. (2017). Exposing the Culture of Silence: Inhibiting Factors in the Prevention, Treatment, and Mitigation of Sexual Abuse in the Eastern Caribbean. Child Abuse & Neglect, 66, 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jones, C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2003). Shifting: The Double Lives of Black Women in America. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
- Jordan, J. (2008). Serial Survivors: Women’s Narratives of Surviving Rape. Annandale: Federation Press.Google Scholar
- Jordan, J. (2012). Silencing Rape, Silencing Women. In J. M. Brown & S. Walklate (Eds.), Handbook on Sexual Violence (pp. 253–286).Google Scholar
- Joseph, G. (1993). Black Mothers and Daughters: Traditional and New Perspectives. In P. Bell-Scott, B. R. Guy-Sheftall, J. Sims-Wood, M. DeCosta-Willis, & L. Fultz (Eds.), Double Stitch: Black Women Write About Mothers and Daughters (pp. 94–108). New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
- Kalathil, J., Collier, B., Bhakta, R., Daniel, O. J., & Trivedi, P. (2011). Recovery and Resilience: African, African-Caribbean and South Asian Women’s Recovery from Mental Illness. London: Mental Health Foundation.Google Scholar
- Kanyeredzi, A. (2013). Finding a Voice: African and Caribbean Heritage Women Help Seeking. In Y. Rehman, L. Kelly, & H. Siddiqui (Eds.), Moving in the Shadows: Violence in the Lives of Minority Women and Children (pp. 205–224). Surrey: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Lamb, S. (Ed.). (1999). New Versions of Victims: Feminists Struggle with the Concept. New York/London: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Lorde, A. (1980). The Cancer Journals. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.Google Scholar
- Lorde, A. (1984). Sister Outsider. Trumansberg/New York: Crossings Press.Google Scholar
- Lorde, A. (1995). Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference. In B. Cole-Sheftall (Ed.), Words of Fire: Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought (pp. 284–291). New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
- Lucea, M., Stockman, J., Mana-Ay, M., Bertrand, D., Callwood, G., Coverston, C., et al. (2013). Factors Influencing Resource Use by African American and African Caribbean Women Disclosing Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(8), 1617–1641.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- Mama, A. (2000). Violence Against Black Women in the Home. In J. Hanmer & C. Itzin (Eds.), Home Truths About Domestic Violence: Feminist Influences on Policy and Practice, A Reader (pp. 44–56). London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- McRobbie, A. (2009). The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.Google Scholar
- Morrison, K. E., Luchok, J. K., Richter, D. L., & Parra-Medina, D. (2006). Factors Influencing Help-Seeking from Informal Networks Among African American Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(11), 1493–1511.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- Noble, D. (2016). Standing in the Bigness of Who I Am: Lack Caribbean Women and the Paradoxes of Freedom. In D. Noble (Ed.), Decolonizing and Feminizing Freedom: A Caribbean Genealogy (pp. 101–157). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Phoenix, A. (2011). Re-narrating Feminist Stories: Black Women and Transatlantic feminisms. In K. Davis & M. Evans (Eds.), Transatlantic Conversations: Feminism as Travelling Theory (pp. 55–67). Surrey: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Pierce-Baker, C. (2000). Surviving the Silence: Black Women’s Stories of Rape. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
- Potter, H. (2008). Battle Cries: Black Women and Intimate Partner Abuse. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
- Reavey, P. (2010). Spatial Markings: Memory, Agency and Child Sexual Abuse. Memory Studies, 3(4), 314–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reavey, P., & Brown, S. (2009). The Mediating Role of Objects in Recollections of Adult Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Culture & Psychology, 15(4), 463–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reynolds, T. (1997). (Mis)representing the Black Superwoman. In H. Mirza (Ed.), Black British Feminism: A Reader (pp. 97–112). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Richie, B. (1996). Compelled to Crime: The Gender Entrapment of Battered Black Women. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Romero, R. (2000). The Icon of the Strong Black Woman: The Paradox of Strength. In L. Jackson & B. Greene (Eds.), Psychotherapy with African American Women: Innovations in Psychodynamic Perspectives and Practice (pp. 225–238). New York: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
- Scharff, C. (2010). Silencing Differences: The ‘Unspoken’ Dimensions of ‘Speaking for Others’. In R. Ryan-Flood & R. Gill (Eds.), Secrecy and Silence in the Research Process: Feminist Reflections (pp. 83–95). London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Serrant-Green, L. (2011). The Sound of ‘Silence’: A Framework for Researching Sensitive Issues or Marginalised Perspectives in Health. Journal of Research in Nursing, 16(4), 347–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Spence, J., & Holland, P. (1991). In J. Spence & P. Holland (Eds.), Family Snaps: The Meaning of Domestic Photography. London: Virago.Google Scholar
- Stone, M. (2002). Black Woman Walking: A Different Experience of World Travel. Lancaster: BeaGay Publications.Google Scholar
- Taussig, M. (2004). Terror as Usual: Walter Benjamin’s Theory of History as State of Siege. In N. Scheper-Hughes & P. Bourgois (Eds.).Google Scholar
- Tucker Green, D. (2003). Born Bad. London: Nick Hearn Books.Google Scholar
- Tyagi, S. (2001). Incest and Women of Color: A Study of Experiences and Disclosure. Journal of Sexual Abuse, 10, 17–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ullman, S., & Filipas, H. (2001). Correlates of Formal and Informal Support Seeking in Sexual Assault Victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1028–1047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Washington, P. (2001). Disclosure Patterns of Black Female Sexual Assault Survivors. Violence Against Women, 7, 1254–1283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Watson, N., & Hunter, C. (2016). ‘I Had to Be Strong’: Tensions in the Strong Black Woman Schema. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(5), 424–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- West, L., Donovan, R., & Daniel, A. (2016). The Price of Strength: Black College Women’s Perspectives on the Strong Black Woman Stereotype. Women & Therapy, 39(3–4), 390–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilson, M. (1993). Crossing the Boundary: Black Women Survive Incest. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar
- Wyatt, G. E. (1992). The Sociocultural Context of African American and White American Rape. Journal of Social Issues, 48, 77–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar