Abstract
After fighting a war shoulder to shoulder against the United States-led United Nations (UN) forces in the Korean War, China and North Korea forged a comrade-plus-brother relationship. This relationship was soon tested as China and the Soviet Union, the two leading actors in the communist camp, turned against each other and engaged in a prolonged ideological polemic. The Sino-Soviet split not only reshaped the global geopolitical landscape, but also had a profound impact on the international communist movement. The socialist camp crumbled and member states, including North Korea, were forced to take sides.
Some materials in this chapter are closely drawn from my article titled “The Evolution of Sino-North Korean Relations in the 1960s,” Asian Perspective 34.2 (2010), 173–199.
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Notes
Mao Zedong himself confirmed that the Sino-Soviet schism started from the 20th Congress of the CPSU, see Pang Xianzhi and Feng Hui, Mao Zedong Nianpu (1949–1976), Vol. IV (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2013), 429.
Wu Lengxi, Shinian Lunzhan: 1956–1966 Zhongsu Guanxi Huiyilu (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian, 1999), 224–226.
Wu Xiuquan, Wu Xiuquan Huiyilu (Beijing, Zhongguo Qingnian Chubanshe, 2009), 160.
The specific figures can be found in Kang Mei Yuan Chao Zhanzhengshi, 3 (Beijing: Junshi Kexue Chubanshe, 2000), 512–513.
Shen, “Jiemi Zhiyuanjun Quanmian Cheli Chaoxian Yuanyou.” 16. Pang Xianzhi and Feng Hui, Mao Zedong Nianpu (1949–1976), Vol. III (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2008), 268.
Yang Shangkun, Yang Shangkun Riji (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2001), 613.
Hak-chun Kim, Korea’s Relations with Her Neighbors in a Changing World, 2nd ed. (Elizabeth, NJ: International Corporation, 1993), 493–494.
Pang Xianzhi and Feng Hui, The Chronicle of Mao Zedong’s Life, Vol. V (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2013), 229–230.
“A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement,” for detail, see Editorial Department of the People’s Daily and Editorial Department of the Red Flag Magazine, Guanyu Guoji Gongchanzhuyi Yundong Zongluxian de Lunzhan (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 1965).
Zhou Enlai, Waijiao Dashi Ji, 1949–1975 (Beijing: Shijie Zhishi Chubanshe, 1993), 424.
Robert Anthony Scalapino and Chun-yop Kim, North Korea Today (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California Press, 1983), 40.
Ralph N. Clough, Embattled Korea: The Rivalry for International Support (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987), 188; Liu Jinzhi, Dangdai ZhongHan guanxi, Vol. 1 (Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 1998), 41.
Shi Zhe, Zai lishi juren bian: Shi Zhe huiyilu (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1991), 412.
Li Yueran, Li Yueran Huiyilu (Beijing: Shijie Zhishi, 2001), 187.
M. T. Haggard, “North Korea’s International Position,” Asian Survey, (1965), 378.
Rodong Shinmun, August 12, 1966, cited in Chin O. Chung, Pyongyang between Peking and Moscow (Birmingham: University of Alabama Press, 1978), 132.
Liu Jinzhi, Dangdai Zhong-Han Guanxi (Beijing: Zhongguo Shekeyuan Chubanshu, 1998), 43.
Liu Jinzhi and Yang Huaisheng, Zhongguo dui Chaoxian he Hanguo Zhengce Wenjian Huibian, 1949–1994 (Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan, 1994), 63.
Han Nianlong, Dangdai Zhongguo Waijiao (Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Chubanshe, 1990), 243.
Han, Dangdai Zhongguo Waijiao. Also see Huang Hua, Qinli yu Jianwen Huang Hua Huiyilu (Beijing: Sijie Zhishi Chubanshe, 2007), 135–138.
Wang Taiping, Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Waijiaoshi, 1970–1978 (Beijing: Shijie Zhishi Chubanshe, 1999), 36.
B. C. Koh, “North Korea and Its Quest for Autonomy,” Pacific Affairs 38 (1965), 305–306.
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© 2015 Carla P. Freeman
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Xiaohe, C. (2015). The Evolution of the Lips and Teeth Relationship: China-North Korea Relations in the 1960s. In: Freeman, C.P. (eds) China and North Korea. International Relations and Comparisons in Northeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137455666_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137455666_8
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