Abstract
Temujin became khan of Hamag Mongolia in 1190. Having united by conquest various Tatar and Mongolian tribes he was confirmed as ‘Universal’ (‘Genghis’, ‘Chingiz’) khan in 1206. The expansionist impulse of his nomadic empire (Beijing captured in 1215; Samarkand in 1220) continued after his death in 1227. Tamurlaine (died 1405) was the last of the conquering khans. In 1368 the Chinese drove the Mongols from Beijing, and for the next 2 centuries Sino-Mongolian relations alternated between war and trade. In 1691 Outer Mongolia accepted Manchu rule. The head of the Lamaist faith became the symbol of national identity, and his seat (‘Urga’, now Ulan Bator) was made the Mongolian capital. When the Manchu dynasty was overthrown in 1911 Outer Mongolia declared its independence under its spiritual ruler and turned to Russia for support against China. Soviet and Mongolian revolutionary forces set up a provisional government in March 1921. On the death of the spiritual ruler a people’s republic and new constitution were proclaimed in May 1924. With Soviet help Japanese invaders were fended off during the Second World War. The Mongols then took part in the successful Soviet campaign against Inner Mongolia and Manchuria. On 5 Jan. 1946 China recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Further Reading
State Statistical Office: Mongolian Economy and Society in [year]: Statistical Yearbook.— National Economy of the MPR, 1924–1984: Anniversary Statistical Collection. Ulan Bator, 1984
Akiner, S. (ed.) Mongolia Today. London, 1992
Bawden, C. R., The Modern History of Mongolia. London, 1968
Becker, J., The Lost Country. London, 1992
Bruun, O. and Odgaard, O. (eds.) Mongolia in Transition. Richmond, 1996
Griffin, K. (ed.) Poverty and the Transition to a Market Economy in Mongolia. London, 1995
Jagchid, S. and Hyer, P., Mongolia’s Culture and Society. Folkestone, 1979
Lattimore, O., Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia. Leiden, 1955.—Nomads and Commissars. OUP, 1963
Nordby, Judith, Mongolia in the Twentieth Century. Farnborough, 1993.—Mongolia. [Bibliography] ABC-Clio, Oxford and Santa Barbara (CA), 1993
Sanders, A. J. K., Mongolia: Politics, Economics and Society. London, 1987
Shirendev, B. and Sanjdorj, M. (eds.) History of the Mongolian People’s Republic. Vol. 3 (vols. 1 and 2 not translated). Harvard Univ. Press, 1976
National Statistical Office: State Statistical Office, Ulan Bator
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2000 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Turner, B. (2000). Mongolia. In: Turner, B. (eds) The Statesman’s Yearbook. The Statesman’s Yearbook. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230271296_195
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230271296_195
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-41682-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-27129-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)