Abstract
The second chapter treats the theoretical models behind the present-day use of the concept of space. In contrast to other sociological concepts, the discussion of adequate concepts of space is dominated by physical thought. With a view to the contrast between absolutist and relativist ideas of space, it is argued that today, in a time of globalization and mediatization, the theory of space can only be developed on the basis of a relativist conception. A critical reflection of fundamental works in sociology, especially urban sociology, and an examination of Georg Simmel’s essay on a “Sociology of Space” show that space is often reified as territory or that space and place are not distinguished or that space is absolutized as an a priori ordering principle.
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Notes
- 1.
[Translator’s note: The fourth edition (1949) of this work, The World View of Physics, was translated into English. Since then, the book has been substantially augmented; Löw quotes from the thirteenth edition. This quotation is not in the translation.]
- 2.
[Translator’s note: The book from which this quotation is taken, Leopold Infeld’s Leben mit Einstein (Life with Einstein) is identified on the verso of the title leaf as the German translation of an English original Sketches from the Past. Despite extensive efforts, no such book could be found. The quotation is therefore translated from the German.]
- 3.
Cf. on this definition Gosztonyi 1976, 333.
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
The Swede Kjellén (1917a, b) is regarded as the founder of geopolitics. He defines space as land, territory, area, or Reich. On the basis of previously marked areas, power-political and strategic arguments are derived. The National Socialists used such argumentation to justify their policy of expansion. Karl Haushofer is regarded as the central representative of German geopolitics; he became Hitler's advisor and conceptual trailblazer after the seizure of power. What Hans Grimm treated in a literary mode in his novel Volk ohne Raum [People without space], which was published in 1926 by the respected publishing house Albert Langen and Georg Müller, is stated by Haushofer in a seemingly academic manner: the necessity of spatial expansion and the basic idea of a “closed German national soil” (Rössler 1991, 157). In his book Mein Kampf, Hitler, too, emphasizes that only a sufficiently large space can make a life in freedom possible for the Germans.
Even though the National Socialists did not use space as a defined term, but rather integrated it into political speeches as an emotionally charged word, in the post-War period the negative connotation resulted in a disinterest in the research object “space.” Even today, a concept of space with an exclusively territorial foundation is a reminder that in their justifications, the geopoliticians of the 1930s and 1940s could also appeal to argumentation provided by sociologists. In his book Volk, Raum und Sozialstruktur [People, Space, and Social Structure], Jörg Gutberger (1996) intensively analyses the multifarious ties between sociology, geography, and politics in many European countries. He shows for example that socio-geography, which was initially understood by Ferdinand Tönnies and Theodor Geiger as a descriptive method of sociology, was adopted by the National Socialists as argumentation from a territorial perspective.
- 7.
In Anglo-American literature, space is the subject of discussion above all in geography. Though David Harvey’s Social Justice and the City (1973) and Manuel Castells’s The Urban Question (1977) laid a foundation for a theory of space in social science, it was only with the translation of Lefebvre into English and with fundamental works such as Shields (1999), Soja (1989 and 1997), Thrift (1996), and Massey (2005) that an intensive debate on concepts of space and their range began.
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Löw, M. (2016). Notions of Space in Context. In: The Sociology of Space. Cultural Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-69568-3_2
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