Skip to main content

Drawing on the Lived Experience of African Canadians: Using Money Pools to Combat Social and Business Exclusion

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Black Social Economy in the Americas

Part of the book series: Perspectives from Social Economics ((PSE))

Abstract

Trinidadian-Canadian Ginelle Skerritt was first introduced to susu as a savings device as a child in her homeland of Trinidad and Tobago. Her grandmother and mother were active in this African-Caribbean tradition as a way to pool money in Trinidad for business and livelihood needs. After migrating to Toronto in the 1960s, she watched her mother as a newcomer bring these collective banks to Canada and to find a supportive community. The family’s first home, vacations, and school fees were all made possible through susu. Susu provided her with the money to be the first person in her family to go to university. As a successful professional, Ginelle explores the ways in which susu has helped her, her family, and friends and why she participated in an adapted version of susu for more than a decade. This chapter explores the use of susus—also called money pools—by Caribbean people in the Canadian and the personal account of Ginelle Skerritt's family using the susu system shows that diverse financial services exist in major cities around the world.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The author has a number of draft articles on the topic that can be accessed at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Caroline_Hossein.

  2. 2.

    The name of each interviewee is an alias to protect their identity and give them the peace of mind to speak freely.

Works Cited

  • Amin, Ash, ed. 2009. The Social Economy: International Perspectives on Economic Solidarity. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardener, Shirley, and Sandra Burman, eds. 1996. Money-Go-Rounds: The Importance of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations for Women. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baradaran, Mehrsa. 2015. How the Other Half Banks: Exclusion, Exploitation, and the Threat to Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridge, S., B. Murtagh, and K. O’Neil. 2009. Understanding the Social Economy and the Third Sector. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckland, Jerry. 2012. Hard Choices: Financial Exclusion, Fringe Banks, and Poverty in Urban Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000a. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2000b. Black Feminism and Black Political Economy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 568: 41–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das Gupta, Tania. 2007. Immigrant Women’s Activism: The Last Thirty Years. In Race, Racialization, and Antiracism in Canada and Beyond, ed. Genevieve Fuji Johnson and Randy Enomoto, 105–116. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W.E.B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Signet Classic.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1907. Economic Co-operation Among Negro Americans. Atlanta: The Atlanta University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbairn, Brett. 1994. The Meaning of Rochdale: The Rochdale Pioneers and the Co-operative Principles, Centre for the Study of Co-operatives. Regina: University of Saskatchewan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figart, Deborah M. 2014. Underbanked and Overcharged: Creating Alternatives to Alternative Financial Service Providers. Dollars and Sense 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontan, J.M., P. Hamel, R. Morin, and E. Shragge. 2009. Community Organizations and Local Governance in a Metropolitan Region. Urban Affairs Review 44 (6): 832–857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, Mary, Ida Berger, Kenn Ross, and Kristine Neglia. 2015. Chapter 4: Miziwe Biik Case Study: Microloans in the Urban Aboriginal Community. In Social Purpose Enterprises: Case Studies for Social Change, ed. J. Quarter, Sherida Ryan, and Andrea Chan, 75–97. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galabuzi, Grace-Edward. 2006. Canada’s Economic Apartheid: The Social Exclusion of Racialized Groups in the New Century. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, Clifford. 1962. The Rotating Credit Association: A Middle Rung in Development. Economic Development and Cultural Change 10 (3): 241–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson-Graham, J.K. 2006. A Postcapitalist Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore, Scott. 2015, January. Canada’s Race Problem? It’s Even Worse Than America’s. For a Country So Self-satisfied with Its Image of Progressive Tolerance, How is This Not a National Crisis? Maclean’s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon Nembhard, Jessica. 2014. Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice. University Park: Penn State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinnane, Timothy. 2001. Cooperatives as Information Machines: German Rural Credit Cooperatives, 1883–1914. Journal of Economic History 61 (2): 366–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handa, Sudhanshu, and Kirton Claremont. 1999. The Economies of Rotating Savings and Credit Associations: Evidence from the Jamaican “Partner.”. Journal of Development Economics 60: 173–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, Keith, Jean-Louis Laville, and Antônio David Cattani. 2010. The Human Economy. Cambridge: Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossein, Caroline Shenaz. 2013. The Black Social Economy: Perseverance of Banker Ladies in the Slums. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 84 (4): 423–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016a. Money Pools in the Americas: The African Diaspora’s Legacy in the Social Economy. The Forum for Social Economics XLV (4): 309–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016b. Politicized Microfinance: Money, Power and Violence in the Black Americas. Toronto: University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, Richard, and Roger Wehrell. 2005. Socially Responsible Investors and the Micro-entrepreneur: A Canadian Case. Journal of Business Ethics 60: 281–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, Carl, David Este, Wanda Thomas Bernard, Akua Benjamin, Bethan Lloyd, and Tana Turner. 2010. Race and Well-Being: The Lives, Hopes and Activism of African Canadians. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Rupert. 2014, February 15. Is Peer-to-peer Lending Too Good to Be True? The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • K’nife, K’adamwe, Allan Bernard, and Edward Dixon. 2011. Marcus Garvey the Entrepreneur? Insights for Stimulating Entrepreneurship in Developing Nations. Journal of Liberty Hall: The Legacy of Marcus Garvey, 76 King Street 2: 37–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laforest, Rachel. 2009. The New Federal Agenda and the Voluntary Sector. Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacPherson, Ian. 2007. The Origins of the Canadian Cooperative Movement. In One Path to Co-operative Studies. Victoria: New Rochdale Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Hands Across the Globe: A History of the International Credit Union Movement. Victoria: TouchWood Editions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Tony. 1983. Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography. Dover: Majority Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, Marguerite. 2009. The Three Pillars of the Social Economy in Quebec. In The Social Economy: Alternative Ways of Thinking About Capitalism and Welfare, ed. Ash Amin, 176–209. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mensah, Joseph. 2010. Black Canadians: History, Experience, Social Conditions. 2nd ed. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mintz, Sidney. 1955. The Jamaican Internal Marketing Pattern: Some Notes and Hypotheses. Social and Economic Studies 4 (1): 95–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Three Ancient Colonies: Caribbean Themes and Variations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quarter, Jack, Laurie Mook, and Ann Armstrong. 2009. Understanding the Social Economy: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quarter, Jack, Sherida Ryan, and Andrea Chan. 2015. Social Purpose Enterprises: Case Studies for Social Change. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roelvink, Gerda, Kevin St. Martin, and J.K. Gibson-Graham. 2015. Making Other Worlds Possible: Performing Diverse Economies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, Stuart. 2000. The Poor and Their Money. New Delhi: DFID/Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shragge, Eric, and Jean-Marc Fontan. 2000. Social Economy: International Debates and Perspectives. Montreal: Black Rose Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smets, Peer. 2000. Roscas as a Source of Housing Finance for the Urban Poor: An Analysis of Self-help Practices from Hyderabad, India. Community Development Journal 35 (1): 16–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southcott, C. 2015. Northern Communities Working Together: The Social Economy of Canada’s North. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Pierre, Maurice. 1999. Anatomy of Resistance: Anticolonialism in Guyana 1823–1966. London: Macmillan Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada. 2001. National Household Survey. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-002-x/2004/03/07604/4072459-eng.htm. Accessed 2 June 2014.

  • ———. 2004. National Household Survey. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-002-x/2004/03/07604/4072459-eng.htm. Accessed 1 Nov 2015.

  • ———. 2007. National Household Survey. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007010-eng.htm#2. Accessed 24 Aug 2015.

  • ———. 2011. National Household Survey. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E. Accessed 26 July 2017.

  • Thériault, L. 2012. The Foundations of the Social Economy: Co-operatives, Non-profits and Other Social Enterprises. Chapter 2. In Social Economy: Communities, Economies and Solidarity in Atlantic Canada, ed. S. Novkovic and L. Brown, 22–38. Sydney: Cape Breton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulysse, Gina A. 2007. Downtown Ladies: Informal Commercial Importers, a Haitian Anthropologist and Self-Making in Jamaica. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN International Year for People of African Descent. 2011. From: http://www.un.org/en/events/iypad2011/. Accessed 17 Nov 2015.

  • Van Staveren, Irene. 2015. Economics After the Crisis: An Introduction to Economics from a Pluralist and Global Perspective. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Richard C. 2007. The Cooperative Movement: Globalization from Below. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuttunee, Wanda. 2004. Living Rhythms: Lessons in Aboriginal Economic Resilience and Vision. Kingston: McGill Queens University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hossein, C.S., Skerritt, G. (2018). Drawing on the Lived Experience of African Canadians: Using Money Pools to Combat Social and Business Exclusion. In: Hossein, C. (eds) The Black Social Economy in the Americas. Perspectives from Social Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60047-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60047-9_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-60278-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-60047-9

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics