Abstract
This chapter describes women’s initial attempts to speak about experiences of violence and abuse and the responses. When Black women are unable to manage adverse experiences and display distress, they can be perceived by family members and friends as failing to uphold the survival legacy handed down through the generations from slavery (Beauboeuf-Lafontant T, Gend Soc 21:28–51, 2007; Qual Soc 31:391–406, 2008; Behind the mask of the strong black woman: voice and the embodiment of a costly performance. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2009; Hill Collins P, Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. Unwin Hyman, London, 1990; Fighting words: black women and the search for justice. Minnesota University Press, Minnesota, 1998; Lorde 1980, 1984; Washington P, Violence Against Women 7:1254–1283, 2001). Women interviewed for this project are encouraged by women they know to show strength, not dwell on past abuse and violence and to ignore their emotions. Even though they resist, they are nonetheless read by others as embodying strength; this incurs feelings of shame.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmed, S. (2004). The Cultural Politics of Emotions. London: Routledge.
Ahmed, S. (2010). Secrets and Silence in Feminist Research. In R. Ryan-Flood & R. Gill (Eds.), Secrets and Silence in the Research Process: Feminist Reflections (pp. xxvi–xxxi). London: Routledge.
Ahrens, C. E. (2006). Being Silenced: The Impact of Negative Social Reactions on the Disclosure of Rape. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 263–274.
Alleyne, A. (2004). Black Identity and Workplace Oppression. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 4(1), 4–8.
Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2007). “You Have to Show Strength” An Exploration of Gender, Race, and Depression. Gender & Society, 21, 28–51.
Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2008). Listening Past the Lies That Make Us Sick: A Voice-Centered Analysis of Strength and Depression Among Black Women. Qualitative Sociology, 31, 391–406.
Beauboeuf-Lafontant, T. (2009). Behind the Mask of the Strong Black Woman: Voice and the Embodiment of a Costly Performance. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Bernard, C. (2001). Lived Experiences – Representations of Black Mothers in Child Sexual Abuse Discourses. London: Ashgate.
Black, P. (2012). Black by Design: A 2 Tone Memoir. London: Serpent’s Tail.
Bogle, M. (1988). Brixton Black Women’s Centre: Organising on Child Sexual Abuse. Feminist Review, 28, 132–135.
Bolen, R. (2001). Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure. New York/London: Kluwer and Plenum.
Boyce-Davies, C. (1994). Black Women, Writing and Identity: Migrations of the Subject. London/New York: Routledge.
Briere, J. (1992). Child Abuse Trauma: Theory and Treatment of the Lasting Effects. Newbury Park: Sage.
Brison, S. (1997). Outliving Oneself: Trauma, Memory, and Personal Identity. In D. Meyers (Ed.), Feminists Rethink the Self (pp. 12–39). Boulder: Westview Press.
Brown, J. S., Casey, S. J., Bishop, A. J., Prytys, M., Whittinger, N., & Weinman, J. (2011). How Black African and White British Women Perceive Depression and Help-Seeking: A Pilot Vignette Study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(4), 362–374.
Campbell, D., Campbell, J., Alexander, K., Callwood, G., Bertrand, D., Sharps, P., & St. Vil, N. (2017). Relationships, Attitudes and Behaviours of Caribbean Women and Men Towards Partner Violence and Sexual. http://hdl.handle.net/10755/616509: Henderson Repository.
Campbell, R., & Raja, S. (1999). Secondary Victimization of Rape Victims: Insights from Mental Health Professionals Who Treat Survivors of Violence. Violence and Victims, 14, 261–275.
Crenshaw, K. (1994). Intersectionality and Identity Politics: Learning from Violence Against Women of Color. In M. Fineman & R. Mykitiuk (Eds.), The Public Nature of Private Violence (pp. 178–193). New York: Routledge.
Edge, D. (2007). Ethnicity, Psychosocial Risk, and Perinatal Depression: A Comparative Study Among Inner-City Women in the United Kingdom. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63(3), 291–295.
Edge, D. (2008). ‘We Don’t See Black Women Here’: An Exploration of the Absence of Black Caribbean Women from Clinical and Epidemiological Data on Perinatal Depression in the UK. Midwifery, 24, 379–389.
Edge, D., & MacKian, S. C. (2010). Ethnicity and Mental Health Encounters in Primary Care: Help-Seeking and Help-Giving for Perinatal Depression Among Black Caribbean Women in the UK. Ethnicity and Health, 15(1), 93–111.
Enander, V. (2010). “A Fool to Keep Staying”: Battered Women Labeling Themselves Stupid as an Expression of Gendered Shame. Violence Against Women, 16(1), 5–31.
Finkelhor, D. (1999). Child Sexual Abuse. Challenges Facing Child Protection and Mental Health Professionals. In E. Ullman & W. Hilweg (Eds.), Childhood Trauma, Separation and War (pp. 101–116). Aldershot: Ashgate.
Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1985). The Traumatic Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A Conceptualization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55(4), 530–541.
Fortune, M., & Enger, C. (2006). Violence Against Women and the Role of Religion. Harrisburg: VAWnet. A Project of the National Resource Center on DomesticViolence/Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.v
Fricker, M. (2008). Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing. Theoria, 61, 69–71.
Fyfe, M. (2007). Survivor’s Stories: An Enlightening Journey Through the Differing Lives of Child Abuse Survivors (Vol. 1–6). Hitchin: 11th Commandment Publishing.
Garfield, G. (2005). Knowing What We Know: African American Women’s Experiences of Violence and Violation. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Gilroy, P. (2000). Between Camps: Nations, Cultures and the Allure of Race. London: Penguin Press.
Hammonds, E. (1997). Towards a Genealogy of Black Female Sexuality: The Problematic of Silence. In J. Alexander & C. Mohanty (Eds.), Feminist Genealogies, Colonial Legacies, Democratic Futures (pp. 93–104). New York: Routledge.
Hammonds, E. (2002). Black (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Subjectivity. In K. Wallace-Saunders (Ed.), Skin Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Body in American Culture (pp. 301–320). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Herman, J., & Hirschman, L. (2005). Father-Daughter Incest. In Berger, Edelson, & Renzetti.
Hill Collins, P. (1990). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. London: Unwin Hyman.
Hill Collins, P. (1998). Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. Minnesota: Minnesota University Press.
Hill Collins, P. (2009). Piecing Together a Genealogical Puzzle: Intersectionality and American Pragmatism. European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy, 3, 88–112.
Hochschild, A. (1983). The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
hooks, b. (1981). Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. Boston: South End Press.
Jackson, L., & Greene, B. (Eds.). (2000). Psychotherapy with African American Women: Innovations in Psychodynamic Perspectives and Practice. New York: Guildford Press.
James, J. (1999). Shadowboxing: Representations of Black Feminist Politics. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Jeremiah, R., Quinn, C., & Alexis, J. (2017). Exposing the Culture of Silence: Inhibiting Factors in the Prevention, Treatment, and Mitigation of Sexual Abuse in the Eastern Caribbean. Child Abuse & Neglect, 66, 53–63.
Jones, C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2003). Shifting: The Double Lives of Black Women in America. New York: HarperCollins.
Jordan, J. (2008). Serial Survivors: Women’s Narratives of Surviving Rape. Annandale: Federation Press.
Jordan, J. (2012). Silencing Rape, Silencing Women. In J. M. Brown & S. Walklate (Eds.), Handbook on Sexual Violence (pp. 253–286).
Joseph, G. (1993). Black Mothers and Daughters: Traditional and New Perspectives. In P. Bell-Scott, B. R. Guy-Sheftall, J. Sims-Wood, M. DeCosta-Willis, & L. Fultz (Eds.), Double Stitch: Black Women Write About Mothers and Daughters (pp. 94–108). New York: Harper Perennial.
Kalathil, J., Collier, B., Bhakta, R., Daniel, O. J., & Trivedi, P. (2011). Recovery and Resilience: African, African-Caribbean and South Asian Women’s Recovery from Mental Illness. London: Mental Health Foundation.
Kanyeredzi, A. (2013). Finding a Voice: African and Caribbean Heritage Women Help Seeking. In Y. Rehman, L. Kelly, & H. Siddiqui (Eds.), Moving in the Shadows: Violence in the Lives of Minority Women and Children (pp. 205–224). Surrey: Ashgate.
Lamb, S. (Ed.). (1999). New Versions of Victims: Feminists Struggle with the Concept. New York/London: New York University Press.
Lorde, A. (1980). The Cancer Journals. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.
Lorde, A. (1984). Sister Outsider. Trumansberg/New York: Crossings Press.
Lorde, A. (1995). Age, Race, Class and Sex: Women Redefining Difference. In B. Cole-Sheftall (Ed.), Words of Fire: Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought (pp. 284–291). New York: The New Press.
Lucea, M., Stockman, J., Mana-Ay, M., Bertrand, D., Callwood, G., Coverston, C., et al. (2013). Factors Influencing Resource Use by African American and African Caribbean Women Disclosing Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(8), 1617–1641.
Mama, A. (2000). Violence Against Black Women in the Home. In J. Hanmer & C. Itzin (Eds.), Home Truths About Domestic Violence: Feminist Influences on Policy and Practice, A Reader (pp. 44–56). London/New York: Routledge.
McRobbie, A. (2009). The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.
Morrison, K. E., Luchok, J. K., Richter, D. L., & Parra-Medina, D. (2006). Factors Influencing Help-Seeking from Informal Networks Among African American Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(11), 1493–1511.
Noble, D. (2016). Standing in the Bigness of Who I Am: Lack Caribbean Women and the Paradoxes of Freedom. In D. Noble (Ed.), Decolonizing and Feminizing Freedom: A Caribbean Genealogy (pp. 101–157). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Phoenix, A. (2011). Re-narrating Feminist Stories: Black Women and Transatlantic feminisms. In K. Davis & M. Evans (Eds.), Transatlantic Conversations: Feminism as Travelling Theory (pp. 55–67). Surrey: Ashgate.
Pierce-Baker, C. (2000). Surviving the Silence: Black Women’s Stories of Rape. New York: W.W. Norton.
Potter, H. (2008). Battle Cries: Black Women and Intimate Partner Abuse. New York: New York University Press.
Reavey, P. (2010). Spatial Markings: Memory, Agency and Child Sexual Abuse. Memory Studies, 3(4), 314–329.
Reavey, P., & Brown, S. (2009). The Mediating Role of Objects in Recollections of Adult Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. Culture & Psychology, 15(4), 463–484.
Reynolds, T. (1997). (Mis)representing the Black Superwoman. In H. Mirza (Ed.), Black British Feminism: A Reader (pp. 97–112). London: Routledge.
Richie, B. (1996). Compelled to Crime: The Gender Entrapment of Battered Black Women. New York: Routledge.
Romero, R. (2000). The Icon of the Strong Black Woman: The Paradox of Strength. In L. Jackson & B. Greene (Eds.), Psychotherapy with African American Women: Innovations in Psychodynamic Perspectives and Practice (pp. 225–238). New York: Guildford Press.
Scharff, C. (2010). Silencing Differences: The ‘Unspoken’ Dimensions of ‘Speaking for Others’. In R. Ryan-Flood & R. Gill (Eds.), Secrecy and Silence in the Research Process: Feminist Reflections (pp. 83–95). London/New York: Routledge.
Serrant-Green, L. (2011). The Sound of ‘Silence’: A Framework for Researching Sensitive Issues or Marginalised Perspectives in Health. Journal of Research in Nursing, 16(4), 347–360.
Spence, J., & Holland, P. (1991). In J. Spence & P. Holland (Eds.), Family Snaps: The Meaning of Domestic Photography. London: Virago.
Stone, M. (2002). Black Woman Walking: A Different Experience of World Travel. Lancaster: BeaGay Publications.
Taussig, M. (2004). Terror as Usual: Walter Benjamin’s Theory of History as State of Siege. In N. Scheper-Hughes & P. Bourgois (Eds.).
Tucker Green, D. (2003). Born Bad. London: Nick Hearn Books.
Tyagi, S. (2001). Incest and Women of Color: A Study of Experiences and Disclosure. Journal of Sexual Abuse, 10, 17–39.
Ullman, S., & Filipas, H. (2001). Correlates of Formal and Informal Support Seeking in Sexual Assault Victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1028–1047.
Washington, P. (2001). Disclosure Patterns of Black Female Sexual Assault Survivors. Violence Against Women, 7, 1254–1283.
Watson, N., & Hunter, C. (2016). ‘I Had to Be Strong’: Tensions in the Strong Black Woman Schema. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(5), 424–452.
West, L., Donovan, R., & Daniel, A. (2016). The Price of Strength: Black College Women’s Perspectives on the Strong Black Woman Stereotype. Women & Therapy, 39(3–4), 390–412.
Wilson, M. (1993). Crossing the Boundary: Black Women Survive Incest. London: Virago Press.
Wyatt, G. E. (1992). The Sociocultural Context of African American and White American Rape. Journal of Social Issues, 48, 77–91.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kanyeredzi, A. (2018). Silenced, Shamed, Speaking Out and the Strong Black Woman. In: Race, Culture, and Gender. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58389-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58389-5_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58388-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58389-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)