Abstract
Despite the extraordinary growth of the Paralympic Games since its inception, the movement is constrained by a series of inherent weaknesses. This chapter examines those structural issues that contribute towards these weaknesses through examining the management information systems of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and analysing these through the critical lenses of disability studies, critical management studies and human rights. These issues include the underrepresentation of some countries, gender bias and a split between the resource-rich and resource-poor regions. The analysis raises questions about equity between nations, the notion of fair competition and access to technical expertise amongst other areas of disparity. This chapter reviews these issues and identifies the role that disability classification and resource access can play in this disparity. The relationship between disability and poverty is clearly identified through the World Health Organisation’s statistics with those in research-rich nations, or the behemoths of the Paralympics, clearly at a distinct advantage for the iconic sporting event. It is suggested that the Paralympic movement needs to acknowledge these disparities and seek to redress them through mechanisms like the millennium development goals. The IPC needs to do more to create a more level international sporting playing field for athletes with disability.
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Appendix
Appendix
London 2012 country by gender and number of participants
Country | Male | Female | Total | % male |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Great Britain | 182 | 112 | 294 | 61.9 |
China | 159 | 126 | 285 | 55.8 |
USA | 130 | 93 | 223 | 58.3 |
Brazil | 115 | 68 | 183 | 62.8 |
Russia | 121 | 62 | 183 | 66.1 |
Australia | 90 | 71 | 161 | 55.9 |
France | 104 | 52 | 156 | 66.7 |
Germany | 88 | 64 | 152 | 57.9 |
Ukraine | 86 | 64 | 150 | 57.3 |
Canada | 88 | 60 | 148 | 59.5 |
Japan | 89 | 48 | 137 | 65.0 |
Spain | 103 | 30 | 133 | 77.4 |
Poland | 69 | 35 | 104 | 66.4 |
Italy | 67 | 31 | 98 | 68.4 |
Netherlands | 40 | 49 | 89 | 44.9 |
South Korea | 59 | 29 | 88 | 67.1 |
Mexico | 36 | 45 | 81 | 44.4 |
Iran | 73 | 6 | 79 | 92.4 |
Turkey | 48 | 21 | 69 | 69.6 |
South Africa | 44 | 18 | 62 | 71.0 |
Argentina | 50 | 10 | 60 | 83.3 |
Sweden | 39 | 20 | 59 | 66.1 |
Thailand | 39 | 11 | 50 | 78.0 |
Ireland | 31 | 18 | 49 | 63.3 |
Czech Republic | 31 | 15 | 46 | 67.4 |
Belgium | 31 | 9 | 40 | 77.5 |
Egypt | 29 | 11 | 40 | 72.5 |
Colombia | 29 | 8 | 37 | 78.4 |
Finland | 21 | 14 | 35 | 60.0 |
Hungary | 19 | 14 | 33 | 57.6 |
Slovakia | 25 | 8 | 33 | 75.8 |
Algeria | 25 | 7 | 32 | 78.1 |
Austria | 27 | 5 | 32 | 84.4 |
Belarus | 16 | 15 | 31 | 51.6 |
Tunisia | 18 | 13 | 31 | 58.1 |
Morocco | 24 | 6 | 30 | 80.0 |
Portugal | 23 | 7 | 30 | 76.7 |
Greece | 22 | 7 | 29 | 75.9 |
Nigeria | 17 | 12 | 29 | 58.6 |
Venezuela | 23 | 6 | 29 | 79.3 |
Denmark | 15 | 13 | 28 | 53.6 |
Hong Kong | 13 | 15 | 28 | 46.4 |
Croatia | 18 | 7 | 25 | 72.0 |
Israel | 18 | 7 | 25 | 72.0 |
New Zealand | 11 | 14 | 25 | 44.0 |
Switzerland | 15 | 10 | 25 | 60.0 |
Cuba | 18 | 5 | 23 | 78.3 |
Malaysia | 16 | 6 | 22 | 72.7 |
Norway | 13 | 9 | 22 | 59.1 |
Slovenia | 7 | 15 | 22 | 31.8 |
Azerbaijan | 16 | 5 | 21 | 76.2 |
Iraq | 16 | 3 | 19 | 84.2 |
Taipei | 9 | 9 | 18 | 50.0 |
UAE | 11 | 4 | 15 | 73.3 |
Kenya | 11 | 3 | 14 | 78.6 |
Rwanda | 14 | 14 | 100.0 | |
Serbia | 9 | 4 | 13 | 69.2 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 11 | 1 | 12 | 91.7 |
Lithuania | 9 | 2 | 11 | 81.8 |
Vietnam | 6 | 5 | 11 | 54.6 |
India | 10 | 10 | 100.0 | |
Uzbekistan | 8 | 2 | 10 | 80.0 |
Jordan | 5 | 4 | 9 | 55.6 |
Philippines | 4 | 5 | 9 | 44.4 |
Bulgaria | 4 | 4 | 8 | 50.0 |
Latvia | 6 | 2 | 8 | 75.0 |
Singapore | 6 | 2 | 8 | 75.0 |
Chile | 4 | 3 | 7 | 57.1 |
Kazakhstan | 4 | 3 | 7 | 57.1 |
Sri Lanka | 6 | 1 | 7 | 85.7 |
Kuwait | 6 | 6 | 100.0 | |
Mongolia | 3 | 3 | 6 | 50.0 |
Namibia | 4 | 1 | 5 | 80.0 |
Romania | 4 | 1 | 5 | 80.0 |
Syria | 3 | 2 | 5 | 60.0 |
Turkmenistan | 3 | 2 | 5 | 60.0 |
Angola | 2 | 2 | 4 | 50.0 |
Ivory Coast | 3 | 1 | 4 | 75.0 |
Ethiopia | 3 | 1 | 4 | 75.0 |
Ghana | 3 | 1 | 4 | 75.0 |
Iceland | 2 | 2 | 4 | 50.0 |
Indonesia | 3 | 1 | 4 | 75.0 |
Saudi Arabia | 4 | 4 | 100.0 | |
Cyprus | 2 | 1 | 3 | 66.7 |
Estonia | 2 | 1 | 3 | 66.7 |
Jamaica | 2 | 1 | 3 | 66.7 |
Armenia | 2 | 2 | 0.0 | |
Bahrain | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Burkina Faso | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Costa Rica | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Dominican Republic | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Democratic Republic of Congo | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Ecuador | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Gambia | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Georgia | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Guinea-Bissau | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Haiti | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Libya | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Malawi | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Mauritania | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Mauritius | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Macedonia | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Mozambique | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Myanmar | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Nepal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Nicaragua | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Niger | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Oman | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Pakistan | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Palestine | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Panama | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Papua New Guinea | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Puerto Rico | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Moldova | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Samoa | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Trinidad & Tobago | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Uganda | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Zambia | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Zimbabwe | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Afghanistan | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Albania | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Andorra | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Antigua & Barbuda | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Barbados | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Benin | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Bermuda | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | |
Botswana | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Brunei Darussalam | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Burundi | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Cambodia | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | |
Cameroon | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Cape Verde | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Central African Rep | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Comoros | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Djibouti | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
El Salvador | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Fiji | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Gabon | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Guatemala | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Honduras | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Kyrgyzstan | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Lao PDR | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Lebanon | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Lesotho | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | |
Liberia | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Madagascar | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Mali | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Malta | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Montenegro | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Peru | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Qatar | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
San Marino | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Senegal | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Sierra Leone | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Solomon Islands | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | |
Suriname | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Tajikistan | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Tanzania | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Timor-Leste | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Tonga | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Uruguay | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
Vanuatu | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | |
US Virgin Islands | 1 | 1 | 0.0 | |
Average | 73.5 |
Sochi 2014 country by gender and number of participants
Country | Male | Female | Total | % male |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Andorra | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 |
Argentina | 3 | 0 | 3 | 100.0 |
Armenia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 |
Australia | 4 | 3 | 7 | 57.1 |
Austria | 11 | 1 | 12 | 91.7 |
Belarus | 5 | 5 | 10 | 50.0 |
Belgium | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100.0 |
Bosnia-Herzegovina | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Brazil | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100.0 |
Bulgaria | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100.0 |
Canada | 37 | 12 | 49 | 75.5 |
Chile | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100.0 |
China | 9 | 1 | 10 | 90.0 |
Croatia | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100.0 |
Czech Republic | 18 | 0 | 18 | 100.0 |
Denmark | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Finland | 8 | 5 | 13 | 61.5 |
France | 11 | 3 | 14 | 78.6 |
Germany | 7 | 6 | 13 | 53.8 |
Great Britain | 6 | 6 | 12 | 50.0 |
Greece | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 |
Iceland | 1 | 1 | 2 | 50.0 |
Iran | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 |
Italy | 29 | 4 | 33 | 87.9 |
Japan | 14 | 6 | 20 | 70.0 |
Kazakhstan | 3 | 2 | 5 | 60.0 |
Korea | 23 | 4 | 27 | 85.2 |
Mexico | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 |
Mongolia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 |
Netherlands | 4 | 3 | 7 | 57.1 |
New Zealand | 3 | 0 | 3 | 100.0 |
Norway | 25 | 6 | 31 | 80.6 |
Poland | 7 | 0 | 7 | 100.0 |
Romania | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Russia | 51 | 18 | 69 | 73.9 |
Serbia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 |
Slovakia | 11 | 4 | 15 | 73.3 |
Slovenia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 100.0 |
Spain | 5 | 2 | 7 | 71.4 |
Sweden | 18 | 4 | 22 | 81.8 |
Switzerland | 8 | 0 | 8 | 100.0 |
Turkey | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100.0 |
USA | 51 | 20 | 71 | 71.8 |
Ukraine | 14 | 9 | 23 | 60.9 |
Uzbekistan | 2 | 0 | 2 | 100.0 |
Average | 80.7 |
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Darcy, S. (2018). The Paralympic Movement: A Small Number of Behemoths Overwhelming a Large Number of Also-Rans—A Pyramid Built on Quicksand?. In: Brittain, I., Beacom, A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Paralympic Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47901-3_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47901-3_11
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