Abstract
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), one of the substantive outcomes of the 1992 Rio ‘Earth Summit’, entered into force in 1994 16. The Convention aims to “prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (Article 2) (UNFCCC, Paris Agreement as Contained in the Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session, 2015). It is one of the most complex intergovernmental regimes, with over 270 institutional elements, which perhaps explains its complexity—and opacity—to both participants and the general public alike. This chapter describes the main elements of the regime, briefly outlines the history of some of its key mechanisms, notably the Kyoto Protocol and its policy instruments, the initiative referred to as ‘REDD+’, and the 2015 Paris Agreement, concluding with some observations on the Convention’s future and current developments.
Tim Cadman is a Research Fellow with the Institute for Ethics, Governance and Law at Griffith University, Australia; Senior Research Fellow with the Earth Systems Governance Project; and Adjunct Research Fellow, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. He specialises in the governance of sustainable development, climate change, natural resource management (including forestry), and responsible investment. In addition to his formal academic work, his first work of climate fiction, The Changes: Refuge was published in 2017.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Defined as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (Bruntland 1987, 41).
- 2.
To understand the regime visually, readers are encouraged to visit www.climateregimemap.net, where there are two versions available: the regime up to 2015, and the ‘post Paris’ map. Readers are also warned that this chapter includes extensive use of acronyms.
- 3.
Citations from unfccc.int follow the publication date on the web page. Note also that content is not static; to view static content, visit http://www.climateregimemap.net (pre- and post-Paris Agreement versions).
- 4.
Similar bodies exist under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)—the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical, and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) and the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI).
- 5.
At the time of writing (February 2018), both bodies had convened 47 times.
- 6.
The Green Climate Fund has agreed to allocate US$ 500 million over the period 2013–2019, to purchase forest carbon at a price of US$ 5 per tonne; however, these funds are to be used in the context of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) implementation and not as transferable offsets (email to the author 02 October 2017 from undisclosed sender).
- 7.
Web search conducted 08 September 2017 http://mptf.undp.org/tools/search?q=REDD&qc=project.
References
Adaptation-Fund. 2015. Implementing Entities. https://www.adaptation-fund.org/apply-funding/implementing-entities/. Accessed 02 Oct 2017.
Atkinson, Christopher L. 2014. Deforestation and Transboundary Haze in Indonesia: Path Dependence and Elite Influences. Environment and Urbanization ASIA 5 (2): 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425315577905.
Bécault, Emilie, and Axel Marx. 2017. The Global Governance System for Climate Finance: Towards Greater Institutional Integrity? In Governing the Climate Change Regime: Institutional Integrity and Integrity Systems, ed. Tim Cadman, Rowena Maguire, and Charles Sampford, 93–117. Abingdon: Routledge.
Becken, Susanne, and Brendan Mackey. 2017. What Role for Offsetting Aviation Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Deep-Cut Carbon World? Journal of Air Transport Management 63: 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.05.009.
Bisiaux, Alice. 2017. Title. SDG Knowledge Hub, May 09. http://sdg.iisd.org/news/bonn-climate-change-conference-continues-work-on-paris-agreement-rulebook/.
Breakey, Hugh, Tim Cadman, and Charles Sampford. 2017. Governance Values and Institutional Integrity. In Governing the Climate Change Regime: Institutional Integrity and Integrity Systems, ed. Timothy Cadman, Rowena Maguire, and Charles Sampford, 16–44. Abingdon: Routledge.
Bruntland, Gro H. 1987. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. In World Commission on Environment and Development.
Busch, Per-Olof. 2009. The Climate Secretariat: Making a Living in a Straitjacket. In Managers of Global Change: The Influence of International Environmental Bureaucracies, ed. Frank Biermann and Bernd Siebenhüner. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Cadman, Timothy, ed. 2013a. Climate Change and Global Policy Regimes: Towards Institutional Legitimacy, International Political Economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
———. 2013b. Introduction: Global Governance and Climate Change. In Climate Change and Global Policy Regimes, 1–16. New York: Springer.
Cadman, Tim. 2015. Stakeholder Perspectives on the Integrity of the Climate Regime. In Ethical Values and the Integrity of the Climate Change Regime, ed. Vesselin Popovski, Hugh Breakey, and Rowena Maguire, 43–59. Farnham: Ashgate.
Cadman, Timothy, Lauren Eastwood, Federico Lopez-Casero Michaelis, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Jamie Pittock, and Tapan Sarker. 2015. The Political Economy of Sustainable Development: Policy Instruments and Market Mechanisms. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Cadman, Tim, Charles Sampford, Rowena Maguire, and Hugh Breakey. 2017. Introduction: Governing the Climate Change Regime. In Governing the Climate Change Regime: Institutional Integrity and Integrity Systems, ed. Tim Cadman, Rowena Maguire, and Charles Sampford, 3–15. Abingdon: Routledge.
CDM-Policy-Dialogue. 2012a. Climate Change, Carbon Markets and the CDM: A Call to Action.
———. 2012b. High-Level Panel on the CDM Policy Dialogue. CDM-Policy-Dialogue. http://cdmpolicydialogue.org. Accessed 11 Sept.
CIFOR. 2017. Analysis: Getting Down to Business in Bonn. https://forestsnews.cifor.org/49709/getting-down-to-business-in-bonn?fnl=en. Accessed 14 Sept.
Crowley, Kate. 2017. Up and Down with Climate Politics 2013–2016: The Repeal of Carbon Pricing in Australia. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 8 (3): n/a–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.458.
Darby, Megan. 2017. EU and Others to Fill UN Climate Science Funding Gap Left by Trump. Climate Home News, July 09. http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/09/07/eu-others-fill-un-climate-science-funding-gap-left-trump/. Accessed 2 Oct 2017.
Davenport, Coral. 2014. Obama Pursuing Climate Accord in Lieu of Treaty. The New York Times, August 26. Accessed 02 Oct 2017.
Devine, Miranda. 2010. Climategate Gives Lord of the Sceptics Plenty of Ammunition. Sydney Morning Herald, January 01. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/climategate-gives-lord-of-the-sceptics-plenty-of-ammunition-20100127-mywc.html. Accessed 29 Sept 2017.
FCPF. 2011. Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Common Approach to Environmental and Social Safeguards for Multiple Delivery Partners.
———. 2017. About FCPF. https://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/about-fcpf-0. Accessed 8 Sept.
Fobissie, Kalame, Dieudonne Alemagi, and Peter A. Minang. 2014. REDD+ Policy Approaches in the Congo Basin: A Comparative Analysis of Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Forests 5 (10): 2400–2424. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5102400.
Fry, Ian. 2013. Conflicted Forestry Scientists and Climate Change Negotiators: A Critical Analysis of the Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Its Forestry Scientists in Developing Scientific Guidance and Rules on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Under the Kyoto Protocol. Doctor of Philosophy, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University.
Glynn, Peter J., T. Cadman, and T.N. Maraseni. 2017. Business, Organized Labour and Climate Policy: Forging a Role at the Negotiating Table. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Goyal, Yugank. 2015. Ethics and Governance in Climate Change Debate: The Need for an Institutional Shift from Nation-States to Individuals. In Ethical Values and the Integrity of the Climate Change Regime, ed. Hugh Breakey, Vesselin Popovski, and Rowena Maguire, 119–130. Farnham: Ashgate.
GRET. 2016. What Role Do Carbon Markets Play in the Paris Agreement? http://www.gret.org/discover-gret/about-us/?lang=en. Accessed 14 Sept.
Howard, Brian. 2014. Data Deleted from UN Climate Report Highlight Controversies. National Geographic, 3 July.
IPCC. No date-a. Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/vol4/index.php?idp=6. Accessed 29 Sept 2017.
IPCC. No date-b. Organization. http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization.shtml. Accessed 28 Sept 2017.
Jacobs, Michael. 2012. Green Growth: Economic Theory and Political Discourse. London, Inggris: Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
Khan, Hossain Zakir M. 2014. Title, July 3. https://blog.transparency.org/2014/07/03/bangladesh-cutting-off-our-heads-to-cure-a-headache/.
Maguire, Rowena. 2015. Mapping the Integrity of Differential Obligations Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In Ethical Values and the Integrity of the Climate Change Regime, ed. Vesselin Popovski, Rowena Maguire, and Hugh Breakey, 31–42. Farnham: Ashgate.
Maisonnave, Fabiano. 2017. It’s War in the Amazon, Says Brazil’s Top Environmental Law Enforcer. Climate Home News, November 14. http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/11/14/war-amazon-says-brazils-top-environmental-enforcer/. Accessed 23 Feb 2018.
Maraseni, Tek Narayan, and Tim Cadman. 2015. A Comparative Analysis of Global Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Governance Quality of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). International Journal of Environmental Studies 72 (2): 288–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2014.993569.
Mathiesen, Karl. 2017. US Cities and States Back Paris Deal but Ignore Climate Finance. Climate Home, June 15. http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/06/15/us-cities-states-back-paris-deal-ignore-climate-finance/. Accessed 2 Oct 2017.
Michaelowa, Katharina, and Axel Michaelowa. 2017. The Growing Influence of the UNFCCC Secretariat on the Clean Development Mechanism. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 17 (2): 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-016-9319-8.
Nasiritousi, Naghmeh, and Björn-Ola Linnér. 2016. Open or Closed Meetings? Explaining Nonstate Actor Involvement in the International Climate Change Negotiations. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 16 (1): 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-014-9237-6.
Parnell, John. 2013. McKibben: 400ppm Is a Grim Climate Landmark. Climate Home, May 10. http://www.climatechangenews.com/2013/05/10/mckibben-400ppm-is-a-grim-climate-landmark/. Accessed 02 Oct 2017.
Pittock, J. 2013. Climate Change and Sustainable Water Management. In Climate Change and Global Policy Regimes: Towards Institutional Legitimacy, ed. T. Cadman, 138–156. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Radunsky, Klaus, and Timothy Cadman. 2017. Afterword: The Long Road to Paris: Insider and Outsider Perspectives. In Governing the Climate Change Regime: Institutional Integrity and Integrity Systems, ed. Rowena Maguigre, Charles Sampford, and Timothy Cadman, 250–265. Abingdon: Routledge.
Schmitz, Manuel. 2016. Strengthening the Rule of Law in Indonesia: The EU and the Combat Against Illegal Logging. Asia Europe Journal 14 (1): 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-015-0436-8.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2003. Globalization and Development. In Taming Globalisation: Frontiers of Governance, ed. David Held and Mathias Koenig-Archibugi, 47–67. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Transparency-International-Bangladesh. 2017. Call for Concerted Efforts to Ensure Transparency and Accountability in Climate Funds in South Asia. https://www.ti-bangladesh.org/beta3/index.php/en/activities/5328-call-for-concerted-efforts-to-ensure-transparency-and-accountability-in-climate-funds-in-south-asia. Accessed 02 Oct 2017.
UN. 1993. Agenda 21: Programme of Action for Sustainable Development, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Statement of Forest Principles. New York: United Nations Publications Department of Public Information.
UNFCCC. 2011. Outcome of the Work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action Under the Convention (Cancun Agreements). https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf. Accessed 02 Oct 2017.
———. 2014a. Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP). https://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php. Accessed 25 Sept 2017.
———. 2014b. Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA). http://unfccc.int/bodies/apa/body/9399.php. Accessed 25 Sept 2017.
———. 2014c. Adaptation. https://web.archive.org/web/20170407052847/http://unfccc.int/adaptation/items/4159.php. Accessed 02 Oct 2017.
———. 2014d. Adaptation Committee. https://unfccc.int/adaptation/groups_committees/adaptation_committee/items/6053.php. Accessed 29 Sept 2017.
———. 2014e. Bureau of the COP, CMP, and CMA. https://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6430.php. Accessed 28 Sept 2017.
———. 2014f. Climate Finance. https://unfccc.int/cooperation_and_support/financial_mechanism/items/2807.php. Accessed 02 Oct 2017.
———. 2014g. Conference of the Parties (COP). https://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6383.php. Accessed 28 Sept 2017.
———. 2014h. Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP). https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-serving-as-the-meeting-of-the-parties-to-the-kyoto-protocol-cmp. Accessed 28 Sept 2017.
———. 2014i. Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf. Accessed 28 Sept 2017.
———. 2014j. First Steps to a Safer Future: Introducing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNFCCC. https://web.archive.org/web/20170812031901/http://unfccc.int:80/essential_background/convention/items/6036.php. Accessed 25 Sept 2017.
———. 2014k. Focus: Mitigation – NAMAs, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions. http://unfccc.int/focus/mitigation/items/7172.php. Accessed 02 Oct 2017.
———. 2014l. Observer Organizations. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/observer_organizations/items/9524.php. Accessed 28 Sept 2017.
———. 2014m. Parties & Observers. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php. Accessed 28 Sept 2017.
———. 2014n. Party Groupings. https://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/negotiating_groups/items/2714.php. Accessed 28 Sept 2017.
———. 2014o. The Secretariat. http://unfccc.int/secretariat/items/1629.php. Accessed 29 Sept 2017.
———. 2014p. Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI). https://web.archive.org/web/20180311013845/http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6406.php. Accessed 29 Sept 2017.
———. 2014q. Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA). https://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6399.php. Accessed 29 Sept 2017.
———. 2014r. Warsaw Framework for REDD-Plus. http://unfccc.int/land_use_and_climate_change/redd/items/8180.php. Accessed 8 Sept.
———. 2014s. Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts. https://unfccc.int/adaptation/workstreams/loss_and_damage/items/8134.php. Accessed 29 Sept 2017.
———. 2015. Paris Agreement as Contained in the Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session.
UNFCCC. No date. Technology Mechanism. http://unfccc.int/ttclear/support/technology-mechanism.html. Accessed 29 Sept 2017.
UN-REDD. 2009. Report of the Third Policy Board Meeting Washington, DC. October 29–30. http://www.unredd.net/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=134&view=document&alias=1234-final-report-of-the-3rd-policy-board-english-1234&category_slug=report-3rd-policy-board-meeting-eng-fr-sp-433. Accessed 11 Sept.
———. 2012. UN-REDD Programme Social and Environmental Principles and Criteria.
———. 2018. Democratic Republic of the Congo (the). http://www.unredd.net/regions-and-countries/africa/democratic-republic-of-the-congo-the.html. Accessed 23 Feb 2018.
Victor, David G., and Robert O. Keohane. 2010. The Regime Complex for Climate Change. The Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements, June.
Warren, Bevan, Peter Christoff, and Donna Green. 2016. Australia’s Sustainable Energy Transition: The Disjointed Politics of Decarbonisation. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 21: 1–12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cadman, T. (2019). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In: Shaw, T.M., Mahrenbach, L.C., Modi, R., Yi-chong, X. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary International Political Economy. Palgrave Handbooks in IPE. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45443-0_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45443-0_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-45442-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-45443-0
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)