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Migration and Climate in World History

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The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History

Abstract

“Climate migration” deserves recognition among historians as a research perspective just as much as other generally accepted types of migration, such as labor migration or chain migration. However, climate should not be reduced to a push factor, as has often been the case in recent debates on global warming and its (expected) consequences. Historians are well advised to apply approaches open enough to allow them to explore the full variety of human-climate interactions that can be involved in migration. This is the main goal of this chapter, which presents a chronological survey starting with the peopling of the Earth tens of thousands of years ago. The examples presented here are far from comprehensive, but they illustrate the multidimensionality and variety in patterns of migration and their entanglement with climate variability and climate change.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Culver, 2012, 131, diagnosed an “absence of climate from migration history.”

  2. 2.

    Harzig et al., 2009, 6–7, 134–37; Oltmer, 2012, 120–22; Bade et al., 2011, xxv; Oltmer, 2017, 218–23.

  3. 3.

    Hoerder, 2002, 169, on seventeenth-century China.

  4. 4.

    See McLeman, 2014, 54–56, for a survey on IPCC reports. While the first report in 1990 “did not draw on any scholarly research about migration,” later reports improved little by little.

  5. 5.

    Piguet, 2011, 3.

  6. 6.

    Hoerder, 2002; McKeown, 2004; Hatton and Williamson, 2005; Lucassen and Gerardus, 2006; Lucassen, 2007.

  7. 7.

    Manning, 2005, Chaps. 2–4; Lucassen et al., 2010; also Earle et al., 2011.

  8. 8.

    The methodology of tracing early migrations by means of population genetics is best explained by Knijff, 2010. For mtDNA analyses see Cann et al., 1987; Vigilant et al., 1991; Ingman et al., 2000; Oppenheimer, 2004; for y-chromosome analyses see Underhill et al., 2000; Wells and Read, 2002; Burroughs, 2005, 8–10 gives a short survey. Some principal drawbacks are pointed out by Manning, 2005, 23.

  9. 9.

    See the most recent genomic histories of Aboriginal Australia and the peopling of Eurasia by Malaspinas et al., 2016, and Pagani et al., 2016, as well as the summary of their results by Tucci and Akey, 2016.

  10. 10.

    This map is a compilation of similar representations of prehistoric migrations from various sources (Burroughs, 2005, 12, 107; “Journey of Mankind”: http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/).

  11. 11.

    Data archived at Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen (http://www.iceandclimate.nbi.ku.dk/data/; last accessed on April 30, 2016). Reference study: Johnsen et al., 2001.

  12. 12.

    Tucci and Akey, 2016, 179; cf. Malaspinas et al., 2016.

  13. 13.

    Marean et al., 2007; McBrearty and Stringer, 2007.

  14. 14.

    Fernandes et al., 2006.

  15. 15.

    Robock et al., 2009.

  16. 16.

    Ambrose, 1998.

  17. 17.

    Petraglia et al., 2007.

  18. 18.

    Williams et al., 2009.

  19. 19.

    Burroughs, 2005, 144.

  20. 20.

    Sirocko, 2010, 71–76.

  21. 21.

    Sirocko, 2010, 77–82.

  22. 22.

    Mithen, 2003, 29–55.

  23. 23.

    Pei and Zhang, 2014. The study does not deal with migration of the farming population.

  24. 24.

    Büntgen et al., 2016.

  25. 25.

    Gibbons, 1997; Diamond, 2005.

  26. 26.

    Benson et al., 2007a, 2007b.

  27. 27.

    van West, 1994; Benson et al., 2007a, 2007b; Kohler et al., 2008.

  28. 28.

    Benson et al., 2007a, 189.

  29. 29.

    Benson et al., 2007a; Kloor, 2007.

  30. 30.

    Kohler et al., 2008, 153.

  31. 31.

    Diamond, 2005, 156.

  32. 32.

    Persson, 1999.

  33. 33.

    Schelberg, 2001 has made this argument in the Anasazi case.

  34. 34.

    O’Neill et al., 2001, p. VIII.

  35. 35.

    German Advisory Council, 2008.

  36. 36.

    Engler and Werner, 2015.

  37. 37.

    Engler et al., 2013.

  38. 38.

    Wanner et al., 2008, 1802–03.

  39. 39.

    Dobrovolný et al., 2010.

  40. 40.

    Post, 1977.

  41. 41.

    Ritzmann-Blickenstorfer, 1997, 49, 125; Hippel, 1984, 175.

  42. 42.

    Moltmann, 1979; for a survey on migration after Tambora see Behringer, 2015, 172–91.

  43. 43.

    Oppenheimer, 2003, 253.

  44. 44.

    David Eltis in his introductory essay to Eltis et al., 2016, online http://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/essays#. See also Eltis and Richardson, 2010 and Rawley and Behrendt, 2005 for excellent accounts of the history of the slave trade.

  45. 45.

    Behrendt, 2009, 45, refers to Davis, 1962, 279–5 and 294, as well as to Galenson, 1986, 33–37. For the meaning of seasonality for work routines on British Atlantic plantations see Roberts, 2013, Chaps. 2 and 4.

  46. 46.

    Curtin, 1989; McNeill, 2010.

  47. 47.

    Rushton, 2014, Chap. 7, 184–219, 230–31.

  48. 48.

    Kupperman, 1982, 1277.

  49. 49.

    Kupperman, 2007; White, 2015; Gergis et al., 2010.

  50. 50.

    Livingstone, 1999.

  51. 51.

    Académie Française, 1798: “ACCLIMATER. v. a. Accoutumer à la température d’un nouveau climat.”

  52. 52.

    Earle, 2012.

  53. 53.

    Osborne, 2000, 139–40.

  54. 54.

    Renny, 1807, 161.

  55. 55.

    Gerbi, 1973, Chaps. 1–4; also Gerbi, 1985.

  56. 56.

    Mémoire pour servir à l’etablissement de la Louisiane, Archives nationales d’outre-mer: C13C1, fol. 9. I owe this example and the reference to Eleonora Rohland.

  57. 57.

    Maroon address to W.D. Quarrell (Esq.), in Campbell, 1990, 53–54.

  58. 58.

    Zilberstein, 2008, 230–31.

  59. 59.

    Morgan and Rushton, 2013, see 118 on the case of the Maroons, and 173 on the general problem of unfamiliar climates and environments that exiles would encounter in many places. For Canada, which was also among the destinations, see Winks, 1997, 311 in particular.

  60. 60.

    Bade, 2000, 2007; Hoerder, 2002.

  61. 61.

    Achilles, 1982, 1991; Persson, 1999.

  62. 62.

    Fogel, 1992, 2004.

  63. 63.

    Brandenberger, 2004.

  64. 64.

    As early as 1975, the proceedings of the Toronto workshop on “Living with Climate Change” stated: “In the past, climate changes have led to mass migrations and to the growth and decay of major civilizations.” See United States Congress, 1976, 435.

  65. 65.

    Barnett and Adger, 2007; Barnett, 2003; Lonergan, 1994; Myers, 2005; Podesta and Ogden, 2007; German Advisory Council, 2008.

  66. 66.

    El Hinnawi, 1985; Black, 2001; Bates, 2002; McNamara, 2007; Biermann and Boas, 2008a, 2008b, 2010; Hulme, 2008; McAdam, 2012.

  67. 67.

    Gerrard and Wannier, 2013, part II on sovereignty and territorial concerns.

  68. 68.

    Hummitzsch, 2009, 5; Nicholls and Nobuo, 1998, 15.

  69. 69.

    Okada et al., 2014.

  70. 70.

    Gemenne and Shen, 2009, 28.

  71. 71.

    Leckie, 2014; Price, 2016.

  72. 72.

    Amrith, 2013, 2.

  73. 73.

    See also Hoerder, 2002, 376–80.

  74. 74.

    McLeman, 2014, 124.

  75. 75.

    Amrith, 2013.

  76. 76.

    Shaw et al., 2013.

  77. 77.

    Amrith, 2013.

  78. 78.

    Grote, 1877, 222.

  79. 79.

    Dixon, 1933, 420; Petersen, 1958, 259; examples for the reception of Petersen’s terminology are: Berry and Tischler, 1978, 100; Joshi, 1999; and Han, 2005, 27–30.

  80. 80.

    Morinière, 2009 also recognized “primitive migration” as a precursor, though without mentioning Petersen’s sources. For a broader discussion of precursors and the disappearance of environmental and climatic factors from migration studies in the course of the twentieth century see Piguet, 2011, 2–4.

  81. 81.

    McLeman and Smit, 2006.

  82. 82.

    Kates, 2000, 14–15. The quote is from Stern, 2007, 128.

  83. 83.

    Rohland et al., 2014.

  84. 84.

    Mauelshagen, 2015, 179–84; Greg Bankoff’s sharp analysis of “vulnerability as western discourse” is particularly relevant in this context. See Bankoff, 2001, 29.

  85. 85.

    New Orleans and its surroundings have a long history of disastrous hurricanes and Mississippi floods setting people on the move, see Rohland, 2015.

  86. 86.

    Gutmann and Field, 2010; Lübken, 2014 gives several examples of Ohio River flooding and resettlement.

  87. 87.

    Mike Hulme in particular has emphasized the cultural dimension of climate in the context of global warming discourse: Hulme, 2011, 2015.

  88. 88.

    Hoerder, 2002, 277–305.

  89. 89.

    Culver, 2012.

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Acknowledgment

This book chapter is based on research funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany, which allowed the two cooperating institutions, the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities (Essen) and the Rachel Carson Center (Munich), to establish and host a group of researchers working on “Climates of Migration: Climate Change and Environmental Migration in History.”

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  1. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Franz Mauelshagen

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  1. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Sam White

  2. Institute of History, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change, Bern, Switzerland

    Christian Pfister

  3. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Franz Mauelshagen

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Mauelshagen, F. (2018). Migration and Climate in World History. In: White, S., Pfister, C., Mauelshagen, F. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Climate History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_31

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43020-5_31

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