The phenomenon of optical tunneling can be used not only to couple energy from a fiber or a beam to a waveguide, as described in Chapter 7, but also to couple one waveguide to another. Couplers of this type are usually called directional couplers because the energy is transferred in a coherent fashion so that the direction of propagation is maintained. Directional couplers have been fabricated in two basic geometries: multilayer planar structures, and dual side-by-side channel waveguides. In this chapter the different types of waveguide to waveguide couplers are described and a concise theory of operation is developed. For a thorough mathematical treatment of these devices the reader is referred to the work of Burns and Milton [1].
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Hunsperger, R.G. (2009). Coupling Between Waveguides. In: Integrated Optics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/b98730_8
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