Abstract
Reserves are areas of marine habitat managed to prevent human interference (destruction of habitat, contamination, etc.). Disturbances may be long-term and sustained or shorter-term. Preventing these requires different management. Harvesting is usually easier to control than contamination. Pollution is often detected only after it has occurred.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alcala AC, Russ GR (1990) A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. J Cons Int Explor Mer 46:40–47
Allison GW, Lubchenco J, Carr MH (1998) Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecol Appl 8:S79–S92
ANZECC (1999) Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Task Force on Marine Protected Areas, Environment Australia, Canberra
Babcock RC, Kelly S, Shears NT, Walker JW, Willis TJ (1999) Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 189:125–134
Bender EA, Case TJ, Gilpin ME (1984) Perturbation experiments in community ecology: theory and practice. Ecology 65:1–13
Bryan GW, Langston WJ (1992) Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: a review. Environ Pollut 76:89–131
Carr MH, Neigel JE, Estes JA, Andelman S, Warner RR, Largier JL (2003) Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: implications for the design of coastal marine reserves. Ecol Appl 13:S90–S107
Castilla JC (1999) Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments. Trends Ecol Evol 14:280–283
Chape S, Blyth S, Fish L, Fox P, Spalding M (compilers) (2003) 2003 United Nations list of protected areas. IUCN, Gland; Cambridge and UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge
Day JC, Roff JC (2000) Planning for representative marine protected areas: a framework for Canada’s oceans. World Wildlife Fund, Toronto
Day JC, Senior J, Monk S, Neal W (eds) (2007) Proceedings of the First International Marine Protected Areas Congress. IMPAC1 2005, Victoria
Diamond JM (1975) The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biol Conserv 7:129–146
Ellis DV, Pattisina LA (1990) Widespread neogastropod imposex—a biological indicator of global TBT contamination. Mar Pollut Bull 21:248–253
Fairweather PG (1993) Links between ecology and ecophilosophy, ethics and the requirements of environmental management. Aust J Ecol 18:3–19
Forman RTT, Godron M (1986) Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York
Frank KT, Perry RI, Drinkwater KF (1990) Predicted response of northwest Atlantic fish stocks to CO2 induced climate change. Trans Am Fish Soc 119:353–365
Gaylord B, Gaines SD, Siegel DA, Carr MH (2005) Marine reserves exploit population structure and life history in potentially improving fisheries yields. Ecol Appl 15:2180–2191
Glasby TM, Underwood AJ (1996) Sampling to differentiate between pulse and press perturbations. Environ Monit Assess 42:241–252
Gray SJ (1997) Marine biodiversity: patterns, threats and conservation needs. Biodivers Conserv 6:153–175
Hansen AJ, DeFries R (2007) Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands. Ecol Appl 17:974–988
Hanski I (1997) Metapopulation dynamics: from concepts and observations to predictive models. In: Hanksi I (ed) Metapopulation biology: ecology, genetics and evolution. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 69–92
Hawkins SJ, Proud SV, Spence SK, Southward AJ (1994) From the individual to the community and beyond: water quality, stress indicators and key species in coastal ecosystems. In: Sutcliffe DW (ed) Water quality and stress indicators in marine and freshwater ecosystems: linking levels of organisation (individuals, populations, communities). Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, pp 35–62
Kelly S, MacDiarmid AB (2003) Movement patterns of mature spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii, from a marine reserve. N Z J Mar Freshw Res 37:149–158
Kunin WE (1997) Sample shape, spatial scale and species counts: implications for reserve design. Biol Conserv 82:369–377
MacArthur RH, Wilson E (1967) The equilibrium theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Margules CR, Nicholls AO, Pressey RL (1988) Selecting networks of reserves to maximise biological diversity. Biol Conserv 43:63–76
Palmer MA, Allan JD, Butman CA (1996) Dispersal as a regional process affecting the local dynamics of marine and stream benthic invertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 11:322–326
Parks SA, Harcourt AH (2002) Reserve size, local human density, and mammalian extinctions in US protected areas. Conserv Biol 16:800–808
Robbins BD, Bell SS (1994) Seagrass landscapes: a terrestrial approach to the marine subtidal environment. Trends Ecol Evol 9:301–304
Roberts CM, Branch G, Bustamante RH, Castilla JC, Dugan J, Halpern BS, Lafferty KD, Leslie H, Lubchenco J, McArdle D, Ruckelshaus M, Warner RR (2003) Application of ecological criteria in selecting marine reserves and developing reserve networks. Ecol Appl 13:S215–S228
Schiel DR (1982) Selective feeding by the echinoid, Evechinus chloroticus, and the removal of plants from subtidal algal stands in northern New Zealand. Oecologia 54:379–388
Simberloff D (1998) Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passé in the landscape era? Biol Conserv 83:247–257
Soto CG (2001) The potential impacts of global climate change on marine protected areas. Rev Fish Biol Fish 11:181–195
Sullivan AL, Shaffer ML (1975) Biogeography of the megazoo. Science 189:13–17
Thompson RC, Crowe TP, Hawkins SJ (2002) Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years. Environ Conserv 29:168–191
Underwood AJ (1995) Ecological research and (and research into) environmental management. Ecol Appl 5:232–247
UNESCO (1974) Final report. Task Force on Criteria and Guidelines for the Choice and Establishment of Biosphere Reserves, UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, Paris
Wardle DA, Huston MA, Grime JP, Berendse F, Garnier E, Lauenroth WK, Setala H, Wilson SD (2000) Biodiversity and ecosystem function: an issue in ecology. Bull Ecol Soc Am 81:235–239
Willis TJ, Millar RB, Babcock RC (2003) Protection of exploited fish in temperate regions: high density and biomass of snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae) in northern New Zealand marine reserves. J Appl Ecol 40:214–227
Acknowledgements
The preparation of this paper was supported by funds from the Australian Research Council through its Special Centres’ programme.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goodsell, P.J., Underwood, A. (2009). Protection of Biota and the Value of Marine Protected Areas. In: Wahl, M. (eds) Marine Hard Bottom Communities. Ecological Studies, vol 206. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b76710_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b76710_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-92703-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-92704-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)