Abstract
Although most in vivo biomolecular recognition occurs in solution, in many practical situations (e.g., diagnostics, drug discovery and biosensing) biomolecular recognition occurs between “target” biomolecules immobilised on surfaces and “probe” complementary biomolecules approaching the surface from solution. DNA-based devices are by far the most common biomolecular and cellular planar biodevices with a still-commanding growth rate. A second, but chronologically older, interest derives from the need to understand the fundamentals of biomolecular interactions at single molecule level and in large supramolecular assemblies. Again, DNA molecules are not only essential objects of study, but also more attractive candidates as the building blocks of artificial biomolecular devices than, e.g., proteins, because of their relative simplicity and robustness. Among the many microscopy-based techniques for the study of biomolecular interactions on surfaces, scanning probe microscopies, and especially the atomic force microscopies (AFM), are the most used because of their molecular and sub-molecular level resolution and in situ imaging capability. Apart from the high resolution mapping of surface nanotopographies, AFM can be used for the quantification and visualisation of the distribution of chemistry, hydrophobicity and local mechanical properties on surfaces, and for the fabrication of nanostructures on surfaces. The present article, which reviews from classical and latest developments regarding AFM studies of DNA molecules immobilised on surfaces, is organised along the nature of DNA aggregates on surfaces, i.e., single molecules, self-assembled layers and amorphous layers, with the last two emerging areas receiving a relatively higher emphasis. Within these three areas of application, the material is organised along the main functions of the AFM, namely imaging, probing biomolecular interactions and fabrication of nanodevices.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Thomson-ISI Web-of-knowledge, http://isi6.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi
Jena BP, Hörber HJK (2002) Biological probe microscopy in aqueous fluids. Atomic force microscopy in cell biology. Academic, San Diego
Hansma HG (2001) Annu Rev Phys Chem 52:71–92
Hansma HG, Pietrasanta LI, Auerbach ID, Sorenson C, Golan R, Holden PA (2000) J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 11(7):675–683
Bowen WR, Lovitt RW, Wright CJ (2000) Biotech Lett 22(11):893–903
Lyubchenko YL, Jacobs BL, Lindsay SM, Stasiak A (1995) Scan Microscopy 9(3):705–727
Yang J, Tamm LK, Somlyo AP, Shao Z (1993) J Microscopy 171:183–198
Blackford BL, Jericho MH, Mulhern PJ (1991) Scan Microscopy 5(4):907–918
Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber Ch, Weibel E (1982) Phys Rev Lett 49:57–61
Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber Ch (1986) Phys Rev Lett 56:930
Albrecht TR, Grütter P, Horne D, Rugar D (1991) J Appl Phys 69:668
Feldman K, Fritz M, Hähner G, Marti A, Spencer ND (1998) Tribol Intern 31(1–3):99–105
Gibson CT, Watson GS, Myhra S (1997) Wear 213(1–2):72–79
Meyer E, Luthi R, Howald L, Bammerlin M, Guggisberg M, Guntherodt H J, Scandella L, Gobrecht J, Schumacher A, Prins R (1996) Friction force spectroscopy. In: Persson BNJ, Tosatti E (eds) Physics of sliding friction. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Singer IL (1994) Dissipative process in tribology. In: Dowson D, Meyer E, Overney R, Frommer J (eds) Proceedings 20th Leed-Lyon Symposium on Tribology. Villeurbanne 7–10 September 1993
Beake BD, Leggett JG (2000) Langmuir 16:735
Ling JSG, Leggett GJ (1997) Polymer 38:2617
Noy A, Frisbie CD, Rozsnyai LF, Wrighton MS, Lieber CM (1995) J Am Chem Soc 117:7943
Wilbur JL, Biebuyck HA, MacDonald JC, Whitesides GM (1995) Langmuir 11:825
Brewer NJ, Beake BD Leggett JG (2001) Langmuir 17:1970
Beake BD, Ling JSG, Leggett GJ (2000) Polymer 41:2241
Grafström S, Neitezt M, Hagen T, Ackermann J, Neumann R, Probst O, Wörtge M (1993) Nanotech 4:143
Hähner G, Marti A, Spencer ND (1997) Tribol Lett 3:359
Magonov SN, Reneker DH (1997) Annu Rev Mater Sci 27:175
Frisbie CD, Rozsnyai A, Noy A, Wrighton MS, Lieber CM (1994) Science 265:2071–2074
Amrein M, Müller DJ (1999) Nanobio 4:229–256
Carrillo A, Gujraty KV, Kane RS (2004) In: Muller U, Nicolau DV (eds) Microarray technology and applications, Chap 3. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Hanson KL, Filipponi L, Nicolau DV (2004) In: Muller U, Nicolau DV (eds) Microarray technology and applications, Chap 2. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Allen MJ, Bradbury EM, Balhorn R (1997) Nucl Acids Res 25(11):2221–2226
Bezanilla M, Manne S, Laney DE, Lyubchenko YL, Hansma HG (1995) Langmuir 11:655–659
Shao Z, Mou J, Czajkowsky DM, Yang J, Yuan J-Y (1996) Adv Phys 45:1–86
Shlyakhtenko LS, Gall AA, Filonov A, Cerovac Z, Lushnikov A, Lyubchenko YL (2003) Ultramicroscopy 97:279–287
Lyubchenko Y, Shlyakhtenko L, Harrington R, Oden P, Lindsay S (1993) PNAS 90:2137–2140
Möller R, Csáki A, Köhler M, Fritzsche W (2000) Nucl Acids Res 28:1–5
Ivanova EP, Pham DK, Brack N, Pigram P, Nicolau DV (2004) Biosens Bioelectr 19:1363–1370
Koch T, Jacobsen N, Fensholdt J, Boas U, Fenger M, Jakobsen MH (2000) Bioconj Chem 11:474
Fixe F, Dufva M, Telleman P, Christensen CBV (2004) Lab on Chip 4:191
Kohsaka H, Taniguchi A, Richman DD, Carson DA (1993) Nucl Acids Res 21:3469
Running JA, Urdea MS (1990) BioTechniques 8:276
Beecher JE, McGall GH, Goldberg M (1997) Polym Mater Sci Eng 76:394
Beecher JE, McGall GH, Goldberg M (1997) Polym Mater Sci Eng 76:597
Matson RS, Rampal J, Pentoney SL, Anderson PD, Coassin P (1995) Anal Biochem 224:110
Sreekumar A, Nyati MK, Varambally S, Barrette TR, Ghosh D, Lawrence TS, Chinnaiyan AM (2001) Can Res 61:7585
Weiler J, Hoheisel JD (1996) Anal Biochem 243:218
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc731/dna/dna4.htm
Sinden RR, Potaman VN, Oussatcheva EA, Pearson CE, Lyubchenko YL, Shlyakhtenko LS (2002) J Biosci 27(1):53–65
Clausen-Schaumann H, Rief M, Tolksdorf C, Gaub HE (2000) Biophys J 78(4):1997–2007
Leger JF, Romano G, Sakar A, Robert J, Bourdieu L, Chatenay D, Marko JF (1999) Phys Rev Lett 83:1066–1069
Bouchiat C, Wang MD, Allemand JF, Strick T, Block SM, Croquette V (1999) Biophys J 76:409–413
Strick T, Allemand JF, Croquette V, Bensimon D (2000) Prog Biophys Mol Biol 74:115–140
Cherny DI, Foucade A, Svinarchuck F, Nielson PE, Malvy C, Delain E (1998) Biophys J 74:1015–1023
Jing J, Reed J, Huang J, Hu XH, Clarke V, Edington J, Housman D, Anantharaman TS, Huff EJ, Mishra B, Porter B, Shenker A, Wolfson E, Hiort C, Kantor R, Aston C, Shwartz DC (1998) PNAS 95:72–75
Seong GH, Niimi T, Yanagida Y, Kobatake E, Aizawa M (2000) Anal Chem 72:1288–1293
Taylor JR, Fang MM, Nie S (2000) Anal Chem 72:1979–1986
Alivisatos AP, Johnsson KP, Peng X, Wilson TE, Loweth CJ, Bruchez-Jr MP, Schultz PG (1996) Nature 382:609–611
Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL, Mucic RC, Storhoff JJ (1996) Nature 382:607–609
Winfree E, Liu F, Wenzler LA, Seeman NC (1998) Nature 394:539–544
Richter J, Mertig M, Pompe W, Monch I, Schackert HK (2001) Appl Phys Lett 78:536–538
Keren K, Krueger M, Gilad R, Ben-Yoseph G, Sivan U, Braun E (2002) Science 297:72–75
Wang J (2000) Nucl Acids Res 28(16):3011–3016
MacKerell-Jr AD, Lee GU (1999) Eur Biophys J 28:415–426
Hughes SD, Woolley AT (2003) Biomed Microdev 5(1):69–74
Argaman M, Golan R, Thomson NH, Hansma HG (1997) Nucl Acid Res 23(21):4379–4384
Drake B, Prater CB, Weisenhorn AL, Gould SA, Albrecht TR, Quate CF, Cannell DS, Hansma HG, Hansma PK (1989) Science 243:1586–1589
Hansma HG, Hoh JH (1994) Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem 23:115–139
Fritz M, Radmacher M, Clevelend JP, Allersma MW, Stewart RJ, Gieselmann, R, Janmey P, Schmidt CF, Hansma PK (1995) Langmuir 11:3529–3535
Thomson NH, Fritz M, Radmacher M, Cleveland JP, Schmidt C, Hansma PK (1996) Biophys J 70:2421–2431
Bezanilla M, Drake B, Nudler E, Kashlev M, Hansma PK, Hansma HG (1994) Biophys J 67:2454–2459
Hansma HG, Revenko I, Kim K, Laney DE (1996) Nucl Acids Res 24(4):713–720
Grange W, Strunz T, Schumakovitch I, Guntherodt HJ, Hegner M (2001) Single Mol 2:75–78
Shlyakhtenko LS, Potaman VN, Sinden RS, Gall AA, Lyubchenko YL (2000) Nucl Acid Res 28(1):3472–3477
Holliday R (1964) Genet Res 5:282–304
Ortiz-Lombardia M, Gonzalez A, Eritja R, Aymamy J, Azorin F, Coll M (1999) Nature Struct Biol 6:913–917
Kasas S, Thomson NH, Smith BL, Hansma HG, Zhu X, Guthold M, Bustamante C, Kool ET, Keshlev M, Hansma PK (1997) Biochem 36:461–468
Sinden RR (1999) Am J Hum Genet 64:346–353
Sinden RR (1994) DNA structure and functions. Academic, San Diego
Pastre D, Pietrement O, Fusil P, Landousy F, Jeusset J, David MO, Hamon C, Le Cam E, Zozime A (2003) Biophys J 85(4):2507–2518
Lyubchenko Y, Shlyakhtenko L (1999) Technical bulletin. BioForce Laboratory, Ames, IA
Shlyakhtenko L, Gall AA, Weimer JJ, Hawn DD, Lyubchenko Y (1999) Biophys J 77:568–576
Hansma HG, Kim KJ, Laney DE, Garcia RA, Argaman M, Allen MJ, Parsons SM (1997) J Struct Biol 119:99–108
Nakamura J, Walker VE, Upton PB, Chiang SY, Kow YW, Swenberg JA (1998) Cancer Res 58:222–225
Sun HB, Qian L, Yokota H (2001) Anal Chem 73:2229–2232
Bustamante C, Rivetti C, Keller DJ (1997) Curr Opin Struct Biol 7:709–716
Feng XZ, Bash R, Balagurumoorthy P, Lohr D, Harrington RE, Lindsay SM (2000) Nucl Acids Res 28(2):593–596
Metzler R, Hanke A (2005) Knots, bubbles, unwinding, and breathing: probing the topology of DNA and other biomolecules. In: Rieth M, Schommers W (eds) Handbook of theoretical and computational nanotechnology. American Scientific, California (in press)
Strunz T, Oroszlan K, Schafer R, Guntherodt HJ (1999) PNAS 96:11277
Williams MC, Rouzina I, Bloomfield VA (2002) Acc Chem Res 35:159
Baumann CG, Bloomfield VA, Smith SB, Bustamante C, Wang MD, Block SM (2000) Biophys J 78:1965–1978
Bensimon D, Simon AJ, Croquette V, Bensimon A (1995) Phys Rev Lett 74:4754–4757
Cluzel P, Lebrun A, Heller C, Lavery R, Viovy J-L, Chatenay D, Caron F (1996) Science 271:792–794
Ahsan A, Rudnick J, Bruinsma R (1998) Biophys J 74:132–137
Konrad MW, Bolonick JI (1996) J Am Chem Soc 118:10989–10994
Kosikov KM, Gorin AA, Zhurkin VB, Olson WK (1999) J Mol Biol 289:1301–1326
Lebrun A, Lavery R (1996) Nucl Acids Res 24:2260–2267
Marko JF (1997) Europhys Lett 38:183–188
Marko J F (1998) Phys Rev E 57:2134–2149
Allemand JF, Bensimon D, Lavery R, Croquette V (1998) PNAS 95:14152–14157
Lee GU, Chrisey LA, Colton RJ (1994) Science 266:771
Strick TR, Allemand JF, Bensimon D, Bensimon A, Croquette V (1996) Science 271:1835–1837
Strick, TR, Allemand J-F, Bensimon D, Croquette V (1998) Biophys J 74:2016–2028
Bockelmann U, Essevaz-Roulet B, Heslot F (1997) Phys Rev Lett 79:4489–4492
Nogues C, Cohen SR, Daube SS, Naaman R (2004) PCCP 6:4459–4466
Watanabe H, Manabe C, Shigematsu T, Shimotani K, Shimizu M (2001) Appl Phys Lett 79(15):2462–2464
Anselmetti D, Fritz J, Smith B, Fernandez-Busquets X (2000) D Single Mol 1:53–58
Ouyang JQ, Hu J, Chen SF, Sun JL, Li MQ (1997) J Vac Sci Technol B 15:1385
Hu J, Zhang Y, Li B, Gao HB, Hartmann U, Li MQ (2004) Surf Interface Anal 36:124–126
Hu J, Zhang Y, Gao HB, Li MQ, Hartmann U (2002) Nano Lett 2:55
Pum D, Neubauer A, Gyorvary E, Sara M, Sleytr UB (2000) Nanotech 11:100–107
Debabov VG (2004) Mol Biol 38(4):482–493
Meyer RK, Aebi U (1990) J Cell Biol 110:2013–2024
Taylor KA, Taylor DW (1999) J Struct Biol 128:75–81
Mao C, Sun W, Seeman NC (1999) J Am Chem Soc 121:5437
Seeman NC (2001) Nano lett 1:22
Mao C, LaBean T, Reif JH, Seeman NC (2000) Nature 407:493
Kanno T, Tanaka T, Miyoshi N, Kawai T (2000) Jpn J Appl Phys 39:L269
Cai L, Tabata H, Kawai T (2000) Appl Phys Lett 77:3105
Lenigk R, Carles M, Ip NY, Sucher NJ (2001) Langmuir 17:2497–2501
Boncheva M, Scheibler L, Lincoln P, Vogel H, Akerman B (1999) Langmuir 15:4317–4320
Demers LM, Ginger DS, Park SJ, Li Z, Chung SW, Mirkin CA (2002) Science 296:1836
Fang Y, Hoh JH (1998) Nucl Acids Res 26(2):588–593
Han WH, Lindsay SM, Dlakic M, Harington RE (1997) Nature 386:563
Fang Y, Spisz TS, Hoh JH (1999) Nucl Acids Res 27(8):1943–1949
Klein DCG, Gurevich L, Janssen JW, Kouwenhoven LP, Carbeck JD, Sohn LL (2001) Appl Phys Lett 78(16):2396
Vesenka J, Henderson E, Marsh T (2002) In: Fritzsche W (ed) Workshop on DNA-based molecular construction, Jena, Germany, May 2002. AIP Conf Proc 640:109–122
Marsh TC, Vesenka J, Henderson E (1995) Nucl Acids Res 23(4):696–700
Bhaumik A, Ramakanth M, Brar LK, Raychaudhuri AK, Rondelez F, Chatterji D (2004) Langmuir 20:5891–5896
Liu M, Amro NA, Chow CS, Liu G (2002) Nano lett 2(8):863–867
Danielsen S, Varum KM, Stokke BT (2004) Biomacromol 5:928–936
Rackstraw BJ, Martin AL, Stolnik S, Roberts CJ, Garnett MC, Davies MC, Tendler SJB (2001) Langmuir 17:3185–3193
Nakamura F, Mitsui K, Hara M (2001) Riken Review 37:63
Niemeyer CM, Adler M, Pignataro B, Lenhert S, Gao S, Chi L, Fuchs H, Blohm D (1999) Nucl Acids Res 27(23):4553–4561
Chen J, Seeman NC (1991) Nature 350:631
Seeman NC (1998) DNA Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 27:225–248
Yang X, Wenzler L, Qi J, Li X, Seeman N (1998) J Am Chem Soc 120:9779–9786
Sha RJ, Liu FR, Seeman NC (2002) Biochem 41(19):5950–5955
Winfree E, Sun W, Seeman NC (1998) Nature 394:539–544
LaBean T, Yan H, Kopatsch J, Liu F, Winfree E, Reif JH, Seeman NC (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122:1848–1860
Liu D, Wang M, Deng Z, Walulu R, Mao C (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126(8):2324–2325
Yan H, Feng L, LaBean TH, Reif JH (2003) Ninth international meeting on DNA-based computers (DNA9), Madison, Wisconsin, 2–4 June 2003
Li Y, Tseng YD, Kwon SY, D'Espaux L, Bunch S, McEuen PL, Luo D (2004) Nature Mater 3:38
Reif J (ed)(2004) Foundations of nanoscience: Self-assembled architectures and devices (FNANO 2004), Snowbird, Utah, 21–23 April 2004. ScienceTechnica ( http://www. cs.duke.edu/∼reif/FNANO/FNANO04/ )
Brun Y, Gopalakrishnan M, Reishus D, Shaw B, Chelyapov N, Aldeman L (2004)In: Reif J (ed) Foundations of nanoscience: Self-assembled architectures and devices (FNANO 2004) Snowbird, Utah, 21–23 April 2004. ScienceTechnica, p 2
Yan H, Park SH, Finkelstein G, Reif JH, LaBean TH (2003) Science 301:1882
Xiao S, Liu F, Rosen AE, Hainfeld JF, Seeman NC, Musier-Forsyth K, Kiehl RA (2002) J Nanoparticle Res 4:313–317
Adleman L (1994) Science 266:1021–1023
Winfree E (1998) Algorithmic self-assembly of DNA. California Institute of Technology, PhD thesis
Wang H (1963) Proceedings of symposium on the mathematical theory of automata. Polytechnic, Brooklyn, NY, pp 23–55
Carbone A, Seeman N (2002) Circuits and programmable self-assembling DNA structures PNAS 99(20):12577–12582
Schulman R, Lee S, Papadakis N, Winfree E (2004) In: Proceedings DNA computers 9, Madison, 2–4 June 2003. Lect Notes Comp Sci 2943:108–125
Yan H, LaBean TH, Feng L, Reif JH (2003) PNAS 100(14):8103–8108
Schwartz PV (2001) Langmuir 17:5971–5977
Zhou D, Sinniah K, Abell C, Rayment T (2002) Langmuir 18:8278–8281
Schena M, Shalon D, Davis RW, Brown PO (1995) Science 270:467
Schena M, Shalon D, Heller R, Chai A, Brown PO, Davis RW (1996) PNAS 93:10614–10619
Garno JC, Amro NA, Wadu-Mesthrige K, Liu GY (2002) Langmuir 18(21):8186–8192
Hilliard LR, Zhao XJ, Tan WH (2002) Anal Chim Acta 470(1):51–56
Rogers YH, Jiang-Baucom P, Huang JZ, Bogdanov V, Andersen S, Boyce-Jacino MT (1999) Anal Biochem 266:23–30
Delpech MC, Coutinho FMB, Habibe MES (2002) Polym Test 21:411–415
Steel AB, Levicky RL, Herne TM, Tarlov MJ (2000) Biophys J 79:975–981
Casero E, Darder M, Diaz DJ, Pariente F, Martin-Gago JA, Abruna H, Lorenzo E (2003) Langmuir 19:6230
Sawant PD, Watson GS, Nicolau-Jr DV, Myhra S, Nicolau DV (2005) J Nanosci Nanotech 5(6):951–957
Mazzola LT, Frank CW, Fodor SPA, Mosher C, Lartius R, Henderson E (1999) Biophys J 76:2922–2933
Jin Y, Wang K, Tan W, Wu P, Wang Q, Huang H, Huang S, Tang Z, Guo Q (2004) Anal Chem 76:5721–5725
Nicolau DV, Pham DK, Ivanova EP, Wright JP, Lenigk R, Smekal T, Grodzinski P (2005) Small 1:610
Wang J, Bard AJ (2001) Anal Chem 73(10):2207
O'Brien JC, Stickney JT, Porter MD (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122:5004
O'Brien, JC, Stickney, JT, Porter, MD (2000) Langmuir 16:9559
Elmas B, Camli ST, Tuncel M, Senel S, Tuncel A (2001) J Biomat Sci Polym Ed 12(3):283
Piner RD, Zhu J, Xu F, Hong S, Mirkin CA (1999) Science 283:661–663
Hong SH, Mirkin CA (2000) Science 288:1808–1811
Hong SH, Zhu J, Mirkin CA (1999) Langmuir 15:7897–7900
Hong SH, Zhu J, Mirkin CA (1999) Science 286:523–525
Piner RP, Hong S, Mirkin CA (1999) Langmuir 15:5457–5460
Ivanisevic A, Mirkin CA (2001) J Am Chem Soc 123:7887–7889
Wilson DL, Martin R, Hong S, Cronin-Golomb M, Mirkin CA, Kaplan DL (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:13660–13664
Su M, Liu X, Li S-Y, Dravid VP, Mirkin CA (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124:1560–1561
Nicolau DV, Demers LM, Ginger D (2004) Nanoarrays. In: Muller U, Nicolau DV (eds) Microarray technology and applications, Chap 6. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Zhang M, Bullen D, Chung S-W, Hong S, Ryu KS, Fan Z, Mirkin CA, Liu C (2002) Nanotech 13:212–217
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and Australian Research Council.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Rights and permissions
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nicolau, D.V., Sawant, P.D. Scanning Probe Microscopy Studies of Surface-Immobilised DNA/Oligonucleotide Molecules. In: Wittmann, C. (eds) Immobilisation of DNA on Chips I. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 260. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136672
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b136672
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-28437-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31456-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)