Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Respiratory Disorders of the Newborn

  • Chapter
Pediatric Thoracic Surgery

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Avery ME, Mead J. Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. AMA J Dis Child. 1959; 97:517–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Northway WH Jr, Rosan RC, Porter DY. Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy for hyaline-membrane disease. Bron-chopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 1967; 276:357–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Soll RF, Blanco F. Natural surfactant extract versus synthetic surfactant for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD000144. Review

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rubaltelli FF, Bonafe L, Tangucci M et al. Epidemiology of neonatal acute respiratory disorders. A multicenter study on incidence and fatality rates of neonatal acute respiratory disorders according to gestational age, maternal age, pregnancy complications and type of delivery. Italian Group of Neonatal Pneumology. Biol Neonate. 1998; 74:7–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hjalmarson O. Epidemiology and classification of acute, neonatal respiratory disorders. A prospective study. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981; 70:773–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Thibeault DW, Hall FK, Sheehan MB et al. Postasphyxial lung disease in newborn infants with severe perinatal acidosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 150:393–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Evans NJ, Archer LN. Doppler assessment of pulmonary artery pressure during recovery from hyaline membrane disease. Arch Dis Child. 1991; 66:802–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Greenough A, Milner AD. Acute respiratory disease. In: Rennie JM, editor. Roberton's Textbook of Neonatology. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2005:468–553.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Crowley P. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000065.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Baud O, Foix-L'Helias L, Kaminski M et al. Antenatal glucocor-ticoid treatment and cystic periventricular leukomalacia in very premature infants. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341:1190–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Crowley. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials, 1972 to 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 173:322–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Soll RF, Morley CJ. Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD000510.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fujimoto S, Togari H, Yamaguchi N et al. Hypocarbia and cystic periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants. Arch Dis Child. 1994; 71:F107–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Guidelines for good practice in the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. British Association of Perinatal Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ho JJ, Subramaniam P, Henderson-Smart DJ et al. Continuous distending pressure for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD002271.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Han VKM, Beverley DW, Clarson C et al. Randomized controlled trial of very early continuous distending pressure in the management of preterm infants. Early Human Development 1987; 15:21–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gittermann MK, Fusch C, Gittermann AR et al. Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces the need for intubation in very low birth weight infants. Eur J Pediatr. 1997; 156:384–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lindner W, Vossbeck S, Hummler H, et al. Delivery room management of extremely low birth weight infants: spontaneous breathing or intubation? Pediatrics. 1999; 103:961–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Montgomery M. Air and Liquid in the Pleural Space. In: Chernick V, Boat TF editors. Kendig's Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co, 1998: 389–411.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Plenat F, Vert P, Didier F et al. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Clin Perinatol. 1978; 5:351–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hart SM, McNair M, Gamsu HR et al. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in very low birth weight infants. Arch Dis Child 1983; 58:612–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. HiFo Study group. Randomized study of high frequency oscillatory ventilation in infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr 1993; 69:144–149.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Swingle HM, Eggert LD, Bucciarelli RL. New approach to management of unilateral tension pulmonary interstitial emphysema in premature infants. Pediatrics. 1984; 74:354–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chan V, Greenough A. Severe localised pulmonary interstitial emphysema–decompression by selective bronchial intubation. J Perinat Med. 1992; 20:313–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Steele RW, Metz JR, Bass JW et al. Pneumothorax and pneumo-mediastinum in the newborn. Radiology 1971; 98:629–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Watkinson M, Tiron I. Events before the diagnosis of a pneu-mothorax in ventilated neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001; 85:F201–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Shaw NJ, Cooke RW, Gill AB et al. Randomised trial of routine versus selective paralysis during ventilation for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1993; 69:479–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Vermont-Oxford Neonatal Network. A multicenter, randomized trial comparing synthetic surfactant with modified bovine surfactant extract in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1996; 97:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  29. McIntosh N. Pulmonary air leaks in the newborn period. Br J Hosp Med 1983; 29:512, 514, 516–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Greenough A, Roberton NR. Morbidity and survival in neonates ventilated for the respiratory distress syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 23; 290:597–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Vyas H, Field D, Milner AD et al. Determinants of the first inspiratory volume and functional residual capacity at birth. Pediatr Pulmonol 1986; 2:189–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Vaughan RS, Menke JA. Pneumothorax: a complication of endo-tracheal tube suctioning J Pediatr 1978; 92:633–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Glaisyer H, Way C. Neonatal pneumothorax–an unexpected peri-operative complication. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:997–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tarnow-Mordi W, Sutton P, Wilkinson A. Inspiratory: expiratory ratio and pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Arch Dis Child. 1985; 60:496–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Berg TJ, Pagtakhan RD, Reed MH et al. Bronchopulmonary dys-plasia and lung rupture in hyaline membrane disease: influence of continuous distending pressure Pediatrics 1975; 55:51–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ogata ES, Gregory GA, Kitterman JA et al. Pneumothorax in respiratory distress syndrome: incidence and effect on vital signs, blood gases and pH. Pediatrics 1976; 58: 177–183.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Lipscomb AP, Thorburn RJ, Reynolds EO et al. Pneumothorax and cerebral haemorrhage in preterm infants. Lancet. 1981; 1:414–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hill A, Perlman JM, Volpe JJ. Relationship of pneumothorax to occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature new-borns. Pediatrics 1982; 69:144–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kuhn J P. 1990. The pleura. In Essentials of Caffey's Pediatric Diagnosis. Silverman FN and Kuhn JP, eds. Chicago: Year Book, 222–225.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kuhns LR, Bednarek FJ, Wyman ML et al. Diagnosis of pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum in neonates by transillumination. Pediatrics 1975; 56:355–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Korvenranta H, Kero P. Intraesophageal pressure monitoring in infants with respiratory disorders. Crit Care Med 1983; 11: 276–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mcintosh N, Becher JC, Cunningham S et al. Clinical Diagnosis Of Pneumothorax Is Late: Use Of Trend Data And Decision Support Might Allow Preclinical Detection. Pediatr Res 2000; 48:408–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Soll RF. Prophylactic natural surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000511. Review.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Greenough A, Milner AD, Dimitriou G. Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(4):CD000456. Review.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Henderson-Smart DJ, Bhuta T, Cools F et al. Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD000104. Review.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Bakker JC, Liem M, Wijnands JB et al. Neonatal pneumotho-rax drainage systems: in vitro evaluation. Eur J Pediatr 1989; 149:58–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Williams O, Greenough A, Mustfa N et al. Extubation failure due to phrenic nerve injury. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003; 88:F72–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sarkar S, Hussain N, Herson V. Fibrin glue for persistent pneu-mothorax in neonates. J Perinatol 2003; 23:82–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Grosfeld JL, Lemons JL, Ballantine TV et al. Emergency thoracotomy for acquired bronchopleural fistula in the premature infant with respiratory distress. J Pediatr Surg 1980; 15: 416–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Berger JT, Gilhooly J. Fibrin glue treatment of persistent pneu-mothorax in a premature infant. J Pediatr 1993; 122:958–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Madansky DL, Lawson EE, Chernick V et al. Pneumothorax and other forms of pulmonary air leak in newborns. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979; 120:729–.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hook B, Hack M, Morrison S et al. Pneumopericardium in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 1995; 15:27–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Logaker MT, Laberge JM, Dansereau J et al. Primary fetal hydrothorax: natural history and management. J Pediatr Surg 1989; 24:573–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Whittle MJ, Gilmore GH, McNay MB et al. Diaphragmatic hernia presenting inutero as unilateral hydrothorax. Perinatl Diagnosis 1989; 9:115–118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Madhavi P, Jameson R, Robinson MJ. Unilateral pleural effusion complicating central venous catherisation. Arch Dis Childh Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 82:F248–F249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Booth P, Nicolaides KH, Greenough A et al. Pleuroamnoiotic shunting for fetal chylothorax. Early Hum Dev 1987; 15: 365–367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hagay Z, Reece A, Roberts A, Hobbins JC et al. Isolated fetal pleural: a prenatal management dilemma. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 18:147–152.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Van Aerde J, Campbell AN, Smyth JA, et al. Spontaneous chylothorax in newborns. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138:961–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Amodio J, Abramson S, Berdon W et al. Iatrogenic causes of large pleural fluid collections in the premature infant: ultrasonic and radiographic findings. Pediatr Radiol. 1987; 17:104–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Mercer S. Factors involved in chylothorax following repair of congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1986; 21:809–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Helin RD, Angeles ST, Bhat R. Octreotide therapy for chylotho-rax in infants and children: A brief review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006; 7:576–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Raju TN, Langenberg P. Pulmonary hemorrhage and exogenous surfactant therapy: a metaanalysis. J Pediatr. 1993; 123:603–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Cleary JM, Wiswell Te. Meconium stained amniotic fluid and meconium aspiration syndrome: an update. Pediatr Clin N Am 1998; 45:511–529.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Zagariya A, Bhat R, Uhal B et al. Cell death and lung cell histology in meconium aspirated newborn rabbit lung. Eur J Pediatr 2000; 59:819–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Dargaville PA, South M, McDoughall PN. Surfactant and surfactant inhibitors in meconium aspiration syndrome. J Pediatr 2001; 138:113–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Findlay RD, Taeusch HW, Walther FJ. Surfactant replacement therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome. Pediatrics 1996; 97:48–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Murphy JD, Rabinovitch M, Goldstein JD, Reid LM. The structural basis of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn infant. J Pediatr 1981; 98:962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ballard RA, Leonard CH. Development follow-up of infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Clin Perinatol 1984; 11:737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sell EJ, Gaines JA, Gluckman C, Williams E. Persistent Fetal Circulation Am J Dis Child 1985; 139:25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kinsella JP, Greenough A, Abman SH. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Lancet 2006; 367:1421–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1723–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Avery ME, Tooley WH,Keller JB,et al. Is chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants preventable? A survey of eight centers. Pediatrics 1987; 79:26–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Rojas MA, Gonzalez A, Bancalari E et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr 1995; 126:605–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kraybill EN, Runyan DK, Bose CL et al. Risk factors for chronic lung disease in infants with birth weights of 751 to 1000 grams. J Pediatr 1989; 115:115–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bonikos DS, Bensch KG, Northway WH Jr. Oxygen toxicity in the newborn. The effect of chronic continuous 100 percent oxygen exposure on the lungs of newborn mice. Am J Pathol. 1976; 85:623–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gonzalez A, Sosenko IR, Chandar J et al. Influence of infection on patent ductus arteriosus and chronic lung disease in premature infants weighing 1000 grams or less. J Pediatr 1996; 128:470–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cochran DP, Pilling DW, Shaw NJ. The relationship of pulmonary interstitial emphysema to subsequent type of chronic lung disease. Br J Radiol 1994; 67:1155–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mirro R, Armstead W, Leffler C. Increased airway leukotriene levels in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Dis Child 1990; 144:160–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Steichen JJ, Gratton TL, Tsang RC. Osteopenia of prematurity: the cause and possible treatment. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 528–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. U G Rossi and C M Owens. The radiology of chronic lung disease in children. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 601–607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Oppenheim C, Mamou-Mani T, Sayegh N et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: value of CT in identifying pulmonary sequelae. Am J Roentgenol 1994; 163:169–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Courtney SE, Durand DJ, Asselin JM et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional mechanical ventilation for very-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:643–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Johnson AH, Peacock JL, Greenough A et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation for the prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:633–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Albersheim SG, Solimano AJ, Sharma AK and et al. Randomized, double blind controlled trial of long term diuretic therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 1989; 115:615–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Shah V, Ohlsson A, Halliday HL et al. Early administration of inhaled corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in ventilated very low birth weight preterm neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD001969. Review.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Barrington KJ. The adverse neuro-developmental effects of postnatal steroids in the preterm infant: a systematic review of RCTs. BMC Pediatr 2001; 1:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Darlow BA, Graham PJ. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in very low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD000501. Review.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Davis JM, Parad RB, Michele T et al. Pulmonary outcome at 1 year corrected age in premature infants treated at birth with recombinant human CuZn superoxide dismutase. Pediatrics. 2003; 111:469–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Barrington KJ, Finer NN. Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD000509. Review.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Halliday HL. Pulmonary disorders and apnea. Campbell AGM, McIntosh N, editors. Forfar and Arneil's Textbook of Pediatrics. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1998 175–198.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Gross SJ, Iannuzzi DM, et al. Effect of preterm birth on pulmonary function at school age: a prospective controlled study. J Pediatr. 1998; 133:188–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Holinger LD Etiology of stridor in the neonate, infant, and child. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980; 89:397–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Jacobs IN, Wetmore RF, Tom LW, et al Tracheobronchomalacia in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120:154–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Doull IJ, Mok Q, Tasker RC. Tracheobronchomalacia in preterm infants with chronic lung disease. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997; 76:F203–F205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Morrison G. Airway problems. In: Janet M Rennie, editor. Roberton's Textbook of Neonatology. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2005:603–17.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Downing GJ, Kilbride HW. Evaluation of airway complications in high-risk preterm infants; application of flexible fibreoptic airway endoscopy. Pediatrics 1995; 95:567–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mok Q, Negus S, McLaren CA, et al. Computed tomography versus bronchography in the diagnosis and management of tra-cheobronchomalacia in ventilator dependent infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005 90: 290–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Carden KA, Boiselle PM, Waltz DA, et al. Tracheomalacia and Tracheobronchomalacia in Children and Adults: An In-depth Review. Chest 2005; 127:984–1005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Furman RH, Backer CL, Dunham ME, et al. The use of balloon-expandable metallic stents in the treatment of pediatric trache-omalacia and bronchomalacia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125:203–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, North East, United Kingdom

    Sundeep Harigopal

  2. Neonatal intensive Care Unit, Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, North West England, United Kingdom

    Nigel John Shaw

Authors
  1. Sundeep Harigopal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nigel John Shaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Paediatric Surgery, Birmingham Children&s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom

    Dakshesh H. Parikh

  2. Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom

    David C. G. Crabbe

  3. General Surgery Department, The Royal Children&s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Alexander W. Auldist

  4. The Mother and Child Hospital at Presbyterian/St. Luke&s Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Steven S. Rothenberg

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harigopal, S., Shaw, N.J. (2009). Respiratory Disorders of the Newborn. In: Parikh, D.H., Crabbe, D.C.G., Auldist, A.W., Rothenberg, S.S. (eds) Pediatric Thoracic Surgery. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136543_34

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b136543_34

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84800-902-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84800-903-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation