Abstract
Electrochemical sensors are the largest and the oldest group of chemical sensors. Some have reached commercial maturity, and others are still in various stages of development. Thorough coverage of this important sensor group requires a four-chapter block of this text. In Chapters 5 through 8, we examine sensors as diverse as enzyme electrodes, high-temperature oxide sensors, fuel cells, and surface conductivity sensors. Each is discussed in the broadest meaning of the word “electrochemistry,” that is, the interaction between electricity and chemistry.
These chapters divide the discussion of electrochemical sensors by the mode of measurement. This chapter is an introduction to the general parameters and characteristics of electrochemical sensors. Chapter 6 focuses on potentiometric sensors, which measure voltage. Chapter 7 describes amperometric sensors, which measure current. Chapter 8 examines conductometric sensors, which measure conductivity.
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Abbreviations
- a i :
-
Activity
- A :
-
Area
- C :
-
Molar concentration
- \(E_{out}\) :
-
Double-layer capacitance
- D :
-
Dielectric constant
- E :
-
Potential
- F :
-
Faraday constant (96,493 Coulombs)
- H :
-
Born repulsion
- I :
-
(or i) current
- j :
-
Current density
- \(j_{Im}\) :
-
An imaginary number
- k :
-
Rate constant
- m :
-
Number of moles
- n :
-
Number of electrons
- r :
-
Distance
- R :
-
Resistance
- \(V_{\rm cell}\) :
-
Volume of the cell
- Z :
-
Impedance
- α:
-
Symmetry coefficient
- \(\tau\) :
-
Time constant
- \(\tilde {\mu}_i\) :
-
Bulk electrochemical potential
- γ:
-
Surface tension
- \(\sum_i \Gamma_i\) :
-
Summation of surface concentrations of all species i
- Q :
-
Charge
- \(\Re\) :
-
Gas constant (\(8.314\,{\rm J}\ {\rm K}^{-1}\,{\rm mol}^{-1}\))
References
Bard, A.J. and Faulkner, L.R. (2001) Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed. Wiley.
Bockris, J.O'M. and Reddy, A.K.N. (1973) Modern Electrochemistry. Plenum.
Demoz, A., Verpoorte, E.M.J., and Harrison, D.J. (1995) J. Electroanal. Chem. 71–78.
Koryta, J., Dvorak, J., and Kavan, L. (1993) Principles of Electrochemistry, 2nd ed. Wiley.
Macdonald, J.R. (1987) Impedance Spectroscopy. Wiley/Interscience.
Williams, R. (1975) J. Phys. Chem. 79, 1274 1276.
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Janata, J. (2009). Electrochemical Sensors. In: Principles of Chemical Sensors. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136378_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b136378_5
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