Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Supermolecular Dye Chemistry pp 161–204Cite as

Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-Stranded DNA -- General Principles and Recent Developments

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Topics in Current Chemistry ((TOPCURRCHEM,volume 258))

Abstract

Several aspects of the intercalation of organic dyes into DNA are presented. After a description of general features of intercalation and the analytical evaluation of this binding mode, recent applications of the intercalation process in chemistry, biology, pharmacy, and medicine are described, with examples from representative dye classes, namely acridines, anthraquinones, cyanines, and phenanthridinium dyes. Along with references to classical work in this research field, examples are presented which demonstrate the influence of the substitution pattern of the intercalator on the selectivity and efficiency of intercalation. In addition, a survey of the recent literature is given that covers significant developments in the application of intercalating dyes as chemotherapeutic drugs, as probe or sensor molecules in biophysical chemistry and molecular biology, as photosensitizers in DNA-damage reactions, and as fluorescence stains.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

A:

Adenine

Ala:

Alanine

BER:

Base Excision Repair

C:

Cytosine

CD:

Circular dichroism

ct DNA:

Calf thymus DNA

dA:

Deoxyadenosinephosphate

dC:

Deoxycytidinephosphate

dG:

Deoxyguanosinephosphate

dsDNA:

Double-stranded DNA

dT:

Deoxythymidinephosphate

ET:

Electron transfer

Gln:

Glutamine

Gly:

Glycine

G:

Guanine

LD:

Linear dichroism

Lys:

Lysine

SASA:

Solvent-accessible surface area

Ser:

Serine

ssDNA:

Single-stranded DNA

T:

Thymine

Trp:

Tryptophane

Tyr:

Tyrosine

Val:

Valine

References

  1. Dickerson RE (1992) Methods Enzymol 211:67

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ulyanov NB, James TL (1995) Methods Enzymol 261:90

    Google Scholar 

  3. Demeunynck M, Bailly C, Wilson WD (eds) (2002) DNA and RNA binders. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  4. Thurston DE (1999) Br J Cancer 80:65

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hurley LH (2002) Natl Rev Cancer 2:188

    Google Scholar 

  6. Foye WO (ed) (1995) Cancer chemotherapeutic agents. ACS, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  7. Neidle S, Thurston DE (1994) In: Kerr DJ, Workman P (eds) New targets for cancer chemotherapy. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p 159

    Google Scholar 

  8. Propst CL, Perun TL (eds) (1992) Nucleic acid targeted drug design. Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Baguley BC (1991) Anti-Cancer Drug Des 6:1

    Google Scholar 

  10. Prento P (2001) Biotech Histochem 76:137

    Google Scholar 

  11. Blackburn GM, Gait MJ (eds) (1996) Nucleic acids in chemistry and biology. IRL, Oxford, UK, p 329

    Google Scholar 

  12. Blackburn GM, Gait MJ (eds) (1996) Nucleic acids in chemistry and biology. IRL, Oxford, UK, p 375

    Google Scholar 

  13. Gottesfeld JM, Neely L, Trauger JW, Baird EE, Dervan PB (1997) Nature 387:202

    Google Scholar 

  14. Takahashi T, Tanaka H, Matsuda A, Doi T, Yamada H, Matsumoto T, Sasaki D, Sugiura Y (1998) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 8:3303

    Google Scholar 

  15. Nicolaou KC, Smith BM, Pastor J, Watanabe Y, Weinstein DS (1997) Synlett:401

    Google Scholar 

  16. Depew KM, Zeman SM, Boyer SH, Denhardt DJ, Ikemoto N, Danishefsky SJ, Crothers DM (1996) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 35:2797

    Google Scholar 

  17. Xiong Y, Ji YLN (1999) Coord Chem Rev 185/186:711

    Google Scholar 

  18. Erkkila KE, Odom DT, Barton JK (1999) Chem Rev 99:2777

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wagenknecht HA, Stemp EDA, Barton JK (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122:1

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zollinger H (2003) Color chemistry, 3rd edn. VCH, Weinheim, p 543

    Google Scholar 

  21. Benigni R, Giuliani A, Franke R, Gruska A (2000) Chem Rev 100:3697

    Google Scholar 

  22. Li Y, Dick WA, Tuovinen OH (2004) Biol Fert Soil 39:301

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wang YB, Yang JH, Wu X, Li L, Sun S, Su BY, Zhao ZS (2003) Anal Lett 36:2063

    Google Scholar 

  24. Wainwright M, Crossley KB (2002) J Chemotherapy 14:431

    Google Scholar 

  25. Nicklas JA, Buel E (2003) Anal Bioanal Chem 376:1160

    Google Scholar 

  26. Davis JT (2004) Angew Chem, Int Ed Engl 43:668

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hermann T (2000) Angew Chem, Int Ed Engl 39:1890

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chan PP, Glazer PM (1997) J Mol Med 75:267

    Google Scholar 

  29. Guelev VM, Hartig MT, Lokey RS, Iverson BL (1999) Chem Biol 7:1

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bailly C, Brana MF, Waring MJ (1996) Eur J Biochem 240:195

    Google Scholar 

  31. Liu Z, Hecker KH, Rill RL (1996) J Biomol Struct Dyn 14:331

    Google Scholar 

  32. Carrasco C, Joubert A, Tardy C, Maestre N, Cacho M, Brana MF, Bailly C (2003) Biochemistry 42:11751

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bailly C, Carrasco C, Joubert A, Bal C, Wattez N, Hildebrandt MP, Lansiaux A, Colson P, Houssier C, Cacho M, Ramos A, Brana MF (2003) Biochemistry 42:4136

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rogers JE, Weiss SJ, Kelly LA (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122:427

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gualev V, Sorey S, Hoffman, Iverson BL (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124:2864

    Google Scholar 

  36. Morrison H, Mohammad T, Kurukulasuriya R (1997) Photochem Photobiol 66:245

    Google Scholar 

  37. Amaral L, Kristiansen JE (2001) Int J Antimicrob Agents 18:411

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mazumder R, Ganguly K, Dastidar SG, Chakrabarty AN (2001) Int J Antimicrob Agents 18:403

    Google Scholar 

  39. Rohs R, Sklenar H (2004) J Biomol Struct Dyn A 21:699

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wagner SJ (2002) Transfusion Med Rev 16:61

    Google Scholar 

  41. Rohs R, Sklenar H (2001) Indian J Biochem Biophys 38:1

    Google Scholar 

  42. Tuite E, Kelly JM (1995) Biopolymers 35:419

    Google Scholar 

  43. Liu ZR, Rill RL (1996) Anal Biochem 236:139

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bevers S, Schutte S, McLaughlin LW (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122:5905

    Google Scholar 

  45. Balakin KV, Korshun VA, Mikhalev II, Malev GV, Malakhov AD, Prokhorenko IA, Berlin YA (1998) Biosens Bioelectron 7/8:771

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fedorova OS, Koval VV, Karnaukhova SL, Dobrikov MI, Vlossov VV, Knorre DG (2000) Mol Biol 34:814

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hurley LH, Wheelhouse RT, Sun D, Kerwin SM, Salazar M, Fedoroff OY, Han FX, Han HY, Izbicka E, Von Hoff DD (2000) Pharmacol Therapeut 85:141

    Google Scholar 

  48. Pilch DS, Yu C, Makhey D, LaVoie EJ, Srinivasan AR, Olson WK, Sauers RS, Breslauer KJ, Geacintov NE, Liu LF (1997) Biochemistry 36:12542

    Google Scholar 

  49. Persil O, Santai CT, Jain SS, Hud NV (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:8644

    Google Scholar 

  50. Jain SS, Polak M, Hud NV (2003) Nucleic Acid Res 31:4608

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bejune SA, Shelton AH, McMillin DR (2003) Inorg Chem 42:8465

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lee S, Lee YA, Lee HM, Lee JY, Kim DH, Kim SK (2002) Biophys J 83:371

    Google Scholar 

  53. Wall RK, Shelton AH, Bonaccorsi LC, Bejune SA, Dubé, McMillin DR (2001) J Am Chem Soc 123:11480

    Google Scholar 

  54. Guliaev A, Leontis NB (1999) Biochemistry 38:15425

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kruk NN, Shishporenok SI, Korotky AA, Galievsky VA, Chirvony VS, Turpin PY (1998) J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol 45:67

    Google Scholar 

  56. Hannah KC, Armitage B (2004) Acc Chem Res 37:845

    Google Scholar 

  57. Pal SK, Zeweil AH (2004) Chem Rev 104:2099

    Google Scholar 

  58. McMillin DR, McNett KM (1998) Chem Rev 98:1201

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wall RK, Shelton AH, Bonaccorsi LC, Bejune CA, Dubé D, David R, McMillin D (2001) J Am Chem Soc 123:11480

    Google Scholar 

  60. Wemmer DE (2001) Biopolymers 52:197

    Google Scholar 

  61. Bailly C, Chaires JB (1998) Bioconjugate Chem 9:513

    Google Scholar 

  62. Pommier Y, Kohlhagen G, Bailly C, Waring M, Mazumder A, Kohn KW (1996) Biochemistry 35:13303

    Google Scholar 

  63. Liu C, Chen FM (1994) Biochemistry 31:1419

    Google Scholar 

  64. Pjura P, Grzeskowiak K, Dickerson ER (1987) J Mol Biol 197:257

    Google Scholar 

  65. Tidwell RR, Boykin WD (2002) In: Demeunynck M, Bailly C, Wilson WD (eds) DNA and RNA binders. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 414

    Google Scholar 

  66. Baraldi PG, Bovero A, Fruttarolo F, Preti D, Aghazadeh T, Pavani MG, Romagnoli (2004) Med Res Rev 24:475

    Google Scholar 

  67. Lerman LS (1963) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 49:94

    Google Scholar 

  68. Medhi C, Mitchell JBO, Price SL, Tabor AB (1999) Biopolymers 52:84

    Google Scholar 

  69. Gago F (1998) Methods 14:277

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ren J, Jenkins T, Chaires JB (2000) Biochemistry 39:8439

    Google Scholar 

  71. Reha D, Kabelac M, Ryjacek F, Sponer J, Sponer JE, Elstner M, Suhai S, Hobza P (2002) J Am Chem Soc 124:3366

    Google Scholar 

  72. Sartorius J, Schneider HJ (1997) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:2319

    Google Scholar 

  73. For a collection of data on DNA and DNA complexes see: http://ndbserver.rutgers.e

  74. Herzyk P, Neidle S, Goodfellow JM (1992) J Biomol Struct Dyn A 10:97

    Google Scholar 

  75. Friedman RA, Manning GS (1984) Biopolymers 23:2671

    Google Scholar 

  76. Rao S, Kollman P (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5735

    Google Scholar 

  77. Frederick CA, Williams LD, Ughetto G, Van der Marel GA, Van Boom JH, Rich A, Wang AHJ (1990) Biochemistry 29:2538

    Google Scholar 

  78. Adams A, Guss JM, Collyer CA, Denny WA, Wakelin LPG (1999) Biochemistry 38:9221

    Google Scholar 

  79. Rohs R, Sklenar H, Lavery R, Roder B (2000) J Am Chem Soc 122:2860

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lisgarten JN, Coll M, Portugal J, Wright CW, Aymami J (2002) Nat Struct Biol 9:57

    Google Scholar 

  81. Armitage BA, Yu C, Devadoss C, Schuster GB (1994) J Am Chem Soc 116:9847

    Google Scholar 

  82. Le Pecq JB, Le Bret M, Barbet J, Roques B (1975) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:2915

    Google Scholar 

  83. Denny WA, Baguley BC, Cain BF, Waring MJ (1983) In: Neidle S, Waring MJ (eds) Antitumour acridines. Molecular aspects of anti-cancer drug action. Verlag Chemie, England, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  84. Wakelin LPG, Waring MJ (1978) Biochemistry 17:5057

    Google Scholar 

  85. King HD, Wilson WD, Gabbay EJ (1982) Biochemistry 21:4982

    Google Scholar 

  86. Wakelin LPG (1986) Med Res Rev 6:275

    Google Scholar 

  87. Spicer JA, Gamage SA, Rewcastle GW, Finlay GJ, Bridewell DJ, Baguley BC, Denny WA (2000) J Med Chem 43:1350

    Google Scholar 

  88. Deady LW, Desneves J, Kaye AJ, Finlay GJ, Baguley BC, Denny WA (2000) Bioorg Med Chem 8:977

    Google Scholar 

  89. Gamage SA, Spicer JA, Finlay GJ, Stewart AJ, Charlton P, Baguley BC, Denny WA (2001) J Med Chem 44:1407

    Google Scholar 

  90. Mekapati SB, Denny WA, Kurup A, Hansch C (2001) Bioorg Med Chem 9:2757

    Google Scholar 

  91. Spicer JA, Gamage SA, Finlay GJ, Denny WA (2002) Bioorg Med Chem 10:19

    Google Scholar 

  92. Cherney RJ, Swartz, SG, Patten AD, Akamike E, Sun JH, Kaltenbach RF III, Seit SP, Behrens CH, Getahun Z, Trainor GL, Vavala M, Kirshenbaum MR, Papp LM, Stafford MP, Czerniak PM, Diamond RJ, McRipley RJ, Page RJ, Gross JL (1997) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 7:163

    Google Scholar 

  93. O'Reilly S, Baker SD, Sartorius S, Rowinsky EK, Finizio M, Lubiniecki GM, Grochow LB, Gray JE, Pieniaszek HJ Jr, Donehower RC (1998) Ann Oncol 9:101

    Google Scholar 

  94. Thompson J, Pratt CB, Stewart CF, Avery L, Bowman L, Zamboni WC, Pappo A (1998) Invest New Drugs 16:45

    Google Scholar 

  95. Bousquet PF, Brana MF, Conlon D, Fitzgerald KM, Perron D, Cocchiaro C, Miller R, Moran M, George J, Qian XD, Keilhauer G, Romerdahl CA (1995) Cancer Res 55:1176

    Google Scholar 

  96. Villalona-Calero MA, Eder JP, Toppmeyer DL, Allen LF, Fram R, Velagapudi R, Myers M, Amato A, Kagen-Hallet K, Razvillas B, Kufe DW, Von Hoff DD; Rowinsky EK (2001) J Clin Oncol 19:857

    Google Scholar 

  97. Far S, Kossanyi A, Verchère-Béaur C, Gresh N, Taillandier E, Perrée-Fauvet M (2004) Eur J Org Chem:1781

    Google Scholar 

  98. Fechter EJ, Olenyuk, Dervan PB (2004) Angew Chem Int Edn Engl 43:3591

    Google Scholar 

  99. Wakelin LPG, Romanos M, Chen TK, Glaubiger D, Canellakis ES, Waring MJ (1978) Biochemistry 17:5057

    Google Scholar 

  100. Assa-Munt N, Denny WA, Leupin W, Kearns DR (1985) 24:1441

    Google Scholar 

  101. von Hippel PH, McGhee JD (1972) Ann Rev Biochem 41:231

    Google Scholar 

  102. Leng F, Chaires JB, Waring MJ (2003) Nucleic Acids Res 31:6191

    Google Scholar 

  103. Haq I, Ladbury JE, Chowdhry BZ, Jenkins TC, Chaires JB (1997) J Mol Biol 271:244

    Google Scholar 

  104. Chaires J (1997) Biopolymers 44:201

    Google Scholar 

  105. Gabelica V, De Pauw E, Rosu F (1999) J Mass Spectrom 34:1328

    Google Scholar 

  106. Porumb H (1978) Prog Biophys Mol Biol 34:175

    Google Scholar 

  107. Warner IM, Soper SA, McGown LB (1996) Anal Chem 68:73

    Google Scholar 

  108. Sartorius J, Schneider HJ (1995) FEBS Lett 374:387

    Google Scholar 

  109. Eriksson M, Nordén B (2001) Methods Enzymol 340:68

    Google Scholar 

  110. Nordén B, Kurucsev T (1994) J Mol Recognit 7:141

    Google Scholar 

  111. Horvath JJ, Gueguetchkeri M, Gupta A, Penumatchu D, Weetall HH (1995) In: Biosensors and chemical sensor technology. ACS Symp Ser vol. 614, p 44

    Google Scholar 

  112. Hyun KM, Choi SD, Lee S, Kim SK (1997) Biochim Biophys Acta 1334:312

    Google Scholar 

  113. Hardenbol P, Wang JC, Van Dyke MW (1997) Bioconjugate Chem 8:617

    Google Scholar 

  114. Bailly C, Waring MJ (1995) J Biomol Struct Dyn 12:869

    Google Scholar 

  115. Ren J, Chaires JB (1999) Biochemistry 38:16067

    Google Scholar 

  116. Tse WC, Boger DL (2004) Acc Chem Res 37:61

    Google Scholar 

  117. Suh D, Oh YK, Chaires JB (2001) Process Biochem 37:521

    Google Scholar 

  118. Long EC, Barton JK (1990) Acc Chem Res 23:273

    Google Scholar 

  119. Suh D, Chaires JB (1995) Bioorg Med Chem 3:723

    Google Scholar 

  120. Förster T (1948) Ann Phys 2:55

    Google Scholar 

  121. Haq I (2002) Arch Biochem Biophys 403:1

    Google Scholar 

  122. Han F, Chalikian TV (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:7219

    Google Scholar 

  123. Hopkins HP Jr, Fumero J, Wilson WD (1990) Biopolymers 29:449

    Google Scholar 

  124. Taquet A, Labarbe R, Houssier C (1998) Biochemistry 37:9119

    Google Scholar 

  125. Moghaddam MS, Shimizu S, Chan HS (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:303

    Google Scholar 

  126. Ajay, Murcko MA (1995) J Med Chem 38:4953

    Google Scholar 

  127. MacGregor RB Jr, Clegg RM, Jovin TM (1985) Biochemistry 26:4008

    Google Scholar 

  128. Finkelstein AJ, Janin J (1989) Protein Eng 3:1

    Google Scholar 

  129. Gilson, MK, Given JA, Bush BL (1997) Biophys J 72:1047

    Google Scholar 

  130. Holtzer A (1995) Biopolymers 35:595

    Google Scholar 

  131. Boresch S, Tettinger F, Leitgreb M, Karplus M (2003) J Phys Chem B 107:9535

    Google Scholar 

  132. Record MT Jr, Ha JH, Fisher MA (1991) Methods Enzymol 208:291

    Google Scholar 

  133. See also: Rick SW (2003) J Phys Chem B 107:9853

    Google Scholar 

  134. Chaires JB (1996) Anti-cancer Drug Des 11:569

    Google Scholar 

  135. For a recent compilation see: http://www.biophysics.org/education/resources.htm

  136. Chiron J, Galy JP (2004) Synthesis 2004:313

    Google Scholar 

  137. Laursen JB, Nielsen J (2004) Chem Rev 1004:1663

    Google Scholar 

  138. Denny WA (2002) In: Demeunynck M, Bailly C, Wilson WD (eds) DNA and RNA binders. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 482

    Google Scholar 

  139. Wirth M, Buchardt O, Koch T, Nielsen PE, Nordén B (1988) J Am Chem Soc 110:932

    Google Scholar 

  140. Adams A (2002) Curr Med Chem 9:1667

    Google Scholar 

  141. Tsann-Long S (2002) Curr Med Chem 9:1677

    Google Scholar 

  142. Antonini I (2002) Curr Med Chem 9:1701

    Google Scholar 

  143. Denny WA (2004) Med Chem Rev 1:257

    Google Scholar 

  144. Mannaberg J (1897) Arch Klin Med 59:185

    Google Scholar 

  145. Browning CG, Gilmour W (1913) J Pathol Bacteriol 24:127

    Google Scholar 

  146. Albert A (1966) The acridines, 2nd edn. Arnold, London, England

    Google Scholar 

  147. Zhu H, Clark SM, Benson SC, Rye AN, Mathies RA (1994) Anal Chem 66:1941

    Google Scholar 

  148. Rehn C, Pindur U (1996) Monatsh Chem 127:645

    Google Scholar 

  149. Gamage SA, Tepsiri N, Wilairat P, Wojcik SJ, Figgitt DP, Ralph RK, Denny WA (1994) J Med Chem 37:1486

    Google Scholar 

  150. McConnaughie AW, Jenkins TC (1995) J Med Chem 38:3488

    Google Scholar 

  151. Gamage SA, Figgitt DP, Wojcik SJ, Ralph RK, Ransijn A, Mauel J, Yardley V, Snowdon D, Croft SL, Denny WA (1997) J Med Chem 40:2634

    Google Scholar 

  152. Charmantray F, Demeunynck M, Carrez D, Croisy A, Lansiaux A, Bailly C, Colson P (2003) J Med Chem 46:967

    Google Scholar 

  153. Graves PR, Kwiek JJ, Fadden P, Ray R, Hardeman K, Coley AM, Foley M, Haystead TA (2002) Mol Pharmacol 62:1364

    Google Scholar 

  154. Girault S, Grellier P, Berecibar A, Maes L, Mouray E, Lemière P, Debreu MA, Davioud-Charvet E, Sergheraert C (2000) J Med Chem 43:2646

    Google Scholar 

  155. Sumner AT (1986) Histochemistry 84:566

    Google Scholar 

  156. Wainwright M (2001) J Antimicrob Chemother 47:1

    Google Scholar 

  157. Zwelling LA, Michaels S, Erickson LC, Ungerleider RS, Nichols M, Kohn KW (1981) Biochemistry 20:6553

    Google Scholar 

  158. Denny WA, Cain BF, Atwell GJ, Hansch C, Panthananickal AL (1982) J Med Chem 25:276

    Google Scholar 

  159. Cassileth PA, Gale RP (1986) Leukemia Res 10:1257

    Google Scholar 

  160. Sajewicz W, Dlugosz A (2000) J Appl Toxicol 20:305

    Google Scholar 

  161. Plymale DR, de la Iglesia FA (1999) J Appl Toxicol 19:31

    Google Scholar 

  162. Tuite E, Kim SK, Norden B, Takahashi M (1995) Biochemistry 34:16365

    Google Scholar 

  163. Hicks KO, Ohms SJ, Van Zijl PL, Denny WA, Hunter PJ, Wilsom WR (1997) Br J Cancer 76:894

    Google Scholar 

  164. Chen AY, Liu LF (1994) Annu Rev Pharmacol 34:191

    Google Scholar 

  165. Wang JC (1996) Annu Rev Biochem 65:935

    Google Scholar 

  166. Li TS, Liu LF (2001) Annu Rev Pharmacol 41:53

    Google Scholar 

  167. Pilch D, Liu HY, Li TK, Kerrigan JE, LaVoie EJ, Barbieri CM (2002) In: Demeunynck M, Bailly C, Wilson WD (eds) DNA and RNA binders. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p 576

    Google Scholar 

  168. Fechter EJ, Dervan PB (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:8476

    Google Scholar 

  169. Bentin T, Nielsen PE (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:6378

    Google Scholar 

  170. Fkyerat A, Demeunynck M, Constant JF, Michon P, Lhomme J (1993) J Am Chem Soc 115:9952

    Google Scholar 

  171. Alarcon K, Demeunynck M, Lhomme J, Carrez D, Croisy A (2001) Bioorg Med Chem 9:1901

    Google Scholar 

  172. Alarcon K, Demeunynck M, Lhomme J, Carrez D, Croisy A (2001) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11:1855

    Google Scholar 

  173. Asseline U, Bonfils E, Dupret D, Thuong NT (1996) Bioconjugate Chem 7:369

    Google Scholar 

  174. Fukui K, Tanaka K (1996) Nucleic Acid Res 24:3962

    Google Scholar 

  175. Baruah H, Day CS, Wright MW, Bierbach U (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:4492

    Google Scholar 

  176. Budiman ME, Alexander RW, Bierbach U (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:8560

    Google Scholar 

  177. Temple MD, McFayden WD, Holmes RJ, Denny DA, Murray V (2000) Biochemistry 39:5593

    Google Scholar 

  178. Boldron C, Ross SA, Pitié M, Meunier B (2002) Bioconjugate Chem 13:1013

    Google Scholar 

  179. Wang L, Price HL, Juusola J, Kline M, Phanstiel IV O (2001) J Med Chem 44:3682

    Google Scholar 

  180. Joseph J, Eldho NV, Ramaiah D (2003) Chem Eur J 9:5926

    Google Scholar 

  181. Isobe H, Tomita N, Lee JW, Kim H-J, Kim K, Nakamura E (2000) Angew Chem Int Edn Engl 39:4257

    Google Scholar 

  182. Antonini I, Polucci P, Magnano A, Gatto B, Palumbo M, Menta E, Pescalli N, Martelli S (2003) J Med Chem 46:3109

    Google Scholar 

  183. Gamage SA, Spicer JA, Atwell GJ, Finlay GJ, Baguley BC, Denny WA (1999) J Med Chem 42:2383

    Google Scholar 

  184. Laugâa P, Markovits J, Delbarre A, LePecq JB, Roques BP (1985) Biochemistry 24:5567

    Google Scholar 

  185. Fechter EJ, Olenyuk B, Dervan PB (2004) Angew Chem Int Edn Engl 43:3591

    Google Scholar 

  186. Yang X, Robinson H, Gao Y-G, Wang A H-J (2000) Biochemistry 39:10950

    Google Scholar 

  187. Claude S, Lehn JM, Pérez de Vega MJ, Vigneron JP (1993) New J Chem 16:21

    Google Scholar 

  188. Jourdan M, Garcia J, Lhomme J, Teulade-Fichou MP, Vigneron JP, Lenh JM (1999) Biochemistry 39:14205

    Google Scholar 

  189. Veal JM, Li Y, Zimmerman SC, Lamberson CR, Cory M, Zon G, Wilson WD (1990) Biochemistry 29:10918

    Google Scholar 

  190. Lhomme J, Constant JF, Demeunynck M (1999) Biopolymers 52:65

    Google Scholar 

  191. Constant JF, Demeunynck M (2002) In: Demeunynck M, Bailly C, Wilson WD (eds) DNA and RNA binders. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p247

    Google Scholar 

  192. Lerman LS (1961) J Mol Biol 3:18

    Google Scholar 

  193. Armstrong RW, Kurucsev T, Strauss UP (1970) J Am Chem Soc 92:3174

    Google Scholar 

  194. Muller W, Crothers DM (1975) Eur J Biochem 54:267

    Google Scholar 

  195. Peacocke AR, Skerrett JNH (1956) J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 52:261

    Google Scholar 

  196. Yang L, Weerasinghe S, Smith PE, Pettitt BM (1995) Biophys J 69:1519

    Google Scholar 

  197. Pack G, Wong L (1995) Chem Phys 204:279

    Google Scholar 

  198. Wang AHJ, Quigley GJ, Rich A (1979) Nucleic Acid Res 12:3879

    Google Scholar 

  199. Schelhorn T, Kretz S, Zimmermann HW (1992) Cell Mol Biol 38:345

    Google Scholar 

  200. Biver T, Secco F, Tinè MR, Venturini M (2003) Arch Biochem Biophys 418:63

    Google Scholar 

  201. Reddy BS, Seshardi TP, Sakore TD, Sobell HM (1979) J Mol Biol 135:787

    Google Scholar 

  202. Aggarwal A, Islam SA, Kuroda R, Neidle S (1984) Biopolymers 23:1025

    Google Scholar 

  203. Berman HM, Stalling W, Carrell HL, Glusker JP, Neidle S, Taylor G, Achari A (1979) Biopolymers 18:2405

    Google Scholar 

  204. Shieh HS, Berman HM, Dabrow M, Neidle S (1980) Nucleic Acid Res 8:85

    Google Scholar 

  205. Lyles MB, Cameron IL (2002) Cell Biol Int 26:145

    Google Scholar 

  206. Löber G, Achert G (1969) Biopolymers 8:595

    Google Scholar 

  207. Löber G, Kittler L (1978) Stud Biophys 73:25

    Google Scholar 

  208. Seidel AM, Schulz A, Sauer MHM (1996) J Phys Chem 100:5541

    Google Scholar 

  209. Steenken S, Jovanovic S (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:617

    Google Scholar 

  210. Löber G (1965) Photochem Photobiol 4:607

    Google Scholar 

  211. Boyle RE, Nelson SS, Dollish FR, Olson MI (1962) Arch Biochem Biophys 96:47

    Google Scholar 

  212. Petit JM, Denis-Gay M, Ratinaud MH (1993) Biol Cell 78:1

    Google Scholar 

  213. Stormer U, Baumgartel H (1988) Acta Histochem 84:31

    Google Scholar 

  214. Darzynkiewics Z, Kapuscinski J (1990) In: Melamed MR, Lindmo T, Mendelsohn MI (eds) Flow cytometry and sorting, 2nd edn. Wiley-Liss, New York, p 291

    Google Scholar 

  215. Brake DG, Thaler R, Evenson DP (2004) J Agr Food Chem 52:2097

    Google Scholar 

  216. Brauns EB, Murphy CJ, Berg MA (1998) J Am Chem Soc 120:2449

    Google Scholar 

  217. Lown JW (1988) Anthracycline and anthracenedione-based anicancer agents. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  218. Cheng CC, Zee-Cheng RKY (1983) Prog Med Chem 20:83

    Google Scholar 

  219. Gandolfi CA, Beggiolin G, Menta E, Palumbo M, Sissi C, Spinelli S, Johnson F (1995) J Med Chem 38:526

    Google Scholar 

  220. Wang S, Peng T, Yang CF (2003) Biophys J 104:239

    Google Scholar 

  221. Citarella RV, Wallace RE, Murdock KC, Angier RB, Durr FE, Forbes M (1982) Cancer Res 42:440

    Google Scholar 

  222. Foye WD, Vajragupata O, Sengupta SK (1982) J Pharm Sci 71:253

    Google Scholar 

  223. Kapuscinski J, Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Melamed MR (1981) Biochem Pharmacol 30:231

    Google Scholar 

  224. Zee-Cheng RKY, Cheng CC (1978) J Med Chem 21:291

    Google Scholar 

  225. Zee-Cheng RKY, Podrebarac EG, Menon CS, Cheng CC (1979) J Med Chem 22:501

    Google Scholar 

  226. Murdock KC, Child RG, Fabio PF, Angier RB, Wallace RE, Durr FE, Citarella RV (1979) J Med Chem 22:1024

    Google Scholar 

  227. Krapcho AP, Getahun Z, Avery KL, Vargas KJ, Hacker MP, Spinelli S, Pezzoni G, Manzotti C (1991) J Med Chem 34:2373

    Google Scholar 

  228. Gatto B, Zagotto G, Sissi C, Cera C, Uriate E, Palù G, Capranico G, Palumbo M (1996) J Med Chem 39:3114

    Google Scholar 

  229. Ijaz T, Tran P, Ruparelia KC, Teesdale-Spittle PH, Orr S, Patterson LH (2001) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11:351

    Google Scholar 

  230. Abate C, Patel L, Rauscher FJ, Curran T (1990) Science 249:1157

    Google Scholar 

  231. Steullet V, Edwards-Benett S, Dixon DW (1999) Bioorg Med Chem 7:2531

    Google Scholar 

  232. David SS, William SD (1998) Chem Rev 98:1221

    Google Scholar 

  233. Sugjyama H, Fujiwara T, Ura A, Tashiro T, Yamamoto K, Kawanishi S, Saito I (1994) Chem Res Toxicol 7:673

    Google Scholar 

  234. Mc Hugh PJ, Knowland J (1995) Nucleic Acid Res 23:1664

    Google Scholar 

  235. McKnight RE, Zhang J, Dixon DW (2004) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 14:401

    Google Scholar 

  236. Koyama M, Kelly TR, Watanabe KA (1988) J Med Chem 31:283

    Google Scholar 

  237. Gourdie TA, Prakash AS, Wakelin LPG, Woodgate PD, Denny WA (1991) J Med Chem 34:240

    Google Scholar 

  238. Köhler B, Su TL, Chou TC, Jiang XJ, Watanabe KA (1993) J Org Chem 58:1680

    Google Scholar 

  239. Satorelli AC (1988) Cancer Res 48:775

    Google Scholar 

  240. Oostveen EA, Speckamp WN (1987) Tetrahedron 43:255

    Google Scholar 

  241. Carter SK, Crooke ST (1979) Mitomycin C: Current Status and New Developments. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  242. Kim JY, Su T-S, Chou T-C, Koehler B, Scarborough A, Ouerfelli O, Watanabe KA (1996) J Med Chem 39:2812

    Google Scholar 

  243. Schuster GB (2000) Acc Chem Res 33:253

    Google Scholar 

  244. Armitage B (1998) Chem Rev 98:1171

    Google Scholar 

  245. Schuster GB, Landman U (2004) Top Curr Chem 236:139

    Google Scholar 

  246. Ly D, Kan Y, Armitage B, Schuster GB (1996) J Am Chem Soc 118:8747

    Google Scholar 

  247. Saito I, Nakamura T, Nakatani K, Yoshioka Y, Yamaguchi K, Sugiyama H (1998) J Am Chem Soc 120:12686

    Google Scholar 

  248. Prat F, Houk KN, Foote CS (1998) J Am Chem Soc 120:845

    Google Scholar 

  249. Breslin DT, Schuster GB (1996) J Am Chem Soc 118:2311

    Google Scholar 

  250. Gibson D, Mansur N, Gean FK (1995) J Inorg Biochem 58:79

    Google Scholar 

  251. Barcelo F, Minchner DJ, Crampton MR, Brown JR, Shaw G (1991) Anti-cancer Drug Des 6:37

    Google Scholar 

  252. Pinto AL, Lippard SJ (1984) Biochem Biophys Acta 780:167

    Google Scholar 

  253. Sherman SE, Lippard SJ (1987) Chem Rev 87:1153

    Google Scholar 

  254. Reedijk J, Fichtinger-Shepman AMJ, Van Oosteran AT, Van de Putte O (1987) Struct Bonding 67:53

    Google Scholar 

  255. Johnson NP, Lapatoule P, Razaka H (1986) In: McBrien DC, Slatter T (eds) Biochemical mechanisms of platinum antitumor drugs. IRL, Washington DC, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  256. Roberts JJ, Knox RJ, Frielos F, Lyndall DA (1986) In: McBrien DC, Slatter T (eds) Biochemical mechanisms of platinum antitumor drugs. IRL, Washington DC, p 29

    Google Scholar 

  257. Sherman SE, Gibson D, Wang HJ, Lippard SJ (1985) Science 230:412

    Google Scholar 

  258. Sherman SE, Gibson D, Wang HJ, Lippard SJ (1988) J Am Chem Soc 110:7368

    Google Scholar 

  259. Ellis LT, Perkins DF, Turner P, Humbley TW (2003) J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 13:2728

    Google Scholar 

  260. Boseggia E, Gatos M, Lucatello L, Mancin F, Moro S, Palumbo M, Sissi C, Tecilla P, Tonatello U, Zagotto G (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:4543

    Google Scholar 

  261. Mishra A, Behera RB, Behera PK, Mishra BK, Berhera GB (2000) Chem Rev 100:1973

    Google Scholar 

  262. Schwartz HE, Ulfelder KJ (1992) Anal Chem 64:1737

    Google Scholar 

  263. Figeys D, Arriaga E, Renborg A, Dovichi NJ (1994) J Chromatogr 669:205

    Google Scholar 

  264. Yan XM, Grace WK, Yoshida TM, Habbersett RC, Velappan N, Jett JH, Keller RA, Marrone BL (1999) Anal Chem 71:5470

    Google Scholar 

  265. Kricka LJ (2002) Ann Clin Biochem 39:114

    Google Scholar 

  266. Rogers KR, Apostol A, Madsen SJ, Spencer CW (1999) Anal Chem 71:4423

    Google Scholar 

  267. Elmendorff Dreikorn K, Chauvin C, Slor H, Kutzner J, Batel R, Muller WE, Schroder HC (1999) Cell Mol Biol 45:211

    Google Scholar 

  268. Hirons GT, Fawcett JJ, Crissman HA (1994) Cytometrie 15:129

    Google Scholar 

  269. Blaheta RA, Kronenberger B, Woitaschek D, Weber S, Scholz M, Schuldes H, Encke A, Markus BH (1998) J Immunol Methods 211:159

    Google Scholar 

  270. Choi SJ, Szoka FC (2000) Anal Biochem 218:95

    Google Scholar 

  271. Rye HS, Yue S, Wemmer DE, Quesada MA, Haugland RP, Mathies RA, Glazer AN (1992) Nucleic Acid Res 20:2803

    Google Scholar 

  272. Carlsson C, Larsson A, Jonsson M, Albinsson B, Nordén B (1994) J Phys Chem 98:10313

    Google Scholar 

  273. Glazer AN, Rye HS (1992) Nature 359:859

    Google Scholar 

  274. Gurrieri S, Sam Wells K, Johnson ID, Bustamante C (1997) Anal Biochem 249:44

    Google Scholar 

  275. Larsson A, Carlsson C, Jonsson M, Albinsson N (1994) J Am Chem Soc 116:8459

    Google Scholar 

  276. Larsson A, Carlsson C, Jonsson M (1995) Bioploymers 36:153

    Google Scholar 

  277. Timtehava I, Maximova V, Deligeorgiev T, Zaneva D, Ivanov I (2000) Photochem Photobiol 130:7

    Google Scholar 

  278. Timcheva II, Maximova VA, Deligeorgiev TG, Gadjev NI, Sabnis RW, Ivanov IG (1997) FEBS Lett 405:141

    Google Scholar 

  279. Akerman B, Tuite E (1996) Nucleic Acid Res 24:1080

    Google Scholar 

  280. Kanony C, Akerman B, Tuite E (2001) J Am Chem Soc 123:7985

    Google Scholar 

  281. Spielmann HP, Wemmer DE, Jacobsen JP (1995) Biochemistry 34:8542

    Google Scholar 

  282. Nygren J, Svanvik N, Kubista M (1998) Biopolymers 46:39

    Google Scholar 

  283. Netzel TL, Nafisi K, Zhao M, Lenhardt JR, Johnson I (1995) J Phys Chem 99:17936

    Google Scholar 

  284. Petty JT, Bordelon JA, Robertson ME (2000) J Phys Chem 104:7221

    Google Scholar 

  285. Bunkenborg J, Munch Stidsen M, Jacobsen JJ (1999) Bioconjugate Chem 10:824

    Google Scholar 

  286. Braunlin WH, Strick TJ, Record MT (1986) Biopolymers 21:1301

    Google Scholar 

  287. Podmanabhan S, Rickey B, Anderson CF, Record MT (1988) Biochemistry 27:4367

    Google Scholar 

  288. Podmanabhan S, Brushaber VM, Anderson CF, Record MT (1991) Biochemistry 30:7550

    Google Scholar 

  289. Wemmer DE (1985) J Mol Biol 185:457

    Google Scholar 

  290. Stærk D, Hamed AA, Pedersen EB, Jacobsen JP (1997) Bioconjugate Chem 8:869

    Google Scholar 

  291. Bondesgaard K, Jacobsen JP (1999) Bioconjugate Chem 10:824

    Google Scholar 

  292. Bunkenborg J, Gadjev NI, Deliegeorgiev T, Jacobsen JP (2000) Bioconjugate Chem 11:861

    Google Scholar 

  293. Petersen M, Hamed AA, Pedersen EB, Jacobsen JJ (1999) Bioconjugate Chem 10:66

    Google Scholar 

  294. Isacsson J, Westmann G (2001) Tetrahedron Lett 42:3207

    Google Scholar 

  295. Haugland RP (1996) In: Haugland RP (ed) Handbook of fluorescent probes and research chemicals, 6th edn. Molecular Probes, Eugene, p 144

    Google Scholar 

  296. Haugland RP, Yue ST, Millard PJ, Roth BL (1995) US Patent 5436134

    Google Scholar 

  297. Yue ST, Singer VL, Roth BL,Mozer TJ, Millard PJ, Jones LJ, Xiaokui J, Haugland RP (1996) WO Patent 96/13552

    Google Scholar 

  298. Singer VL, Jones LJ, Yue ST, Haugland RP (1997) Anal Biochem 249:228

    Google Scholar 

  299. Cosa G, Focsaneanu KS, McLean JRN, Scaiano JC (2000) J Chem Soc Chem Commun 689

    Google Scholar 

  300. Schweitzer C, Scaiano JC (2003) Phys Chem Chem Phys 5:4911

    Google Scholar 

  301. Yarmoluk SM, Lukashov SS, Losytskyy MY, Åkerman B, Kornyushyna OS (2002) Spectrochim Acta Part A 58:3223

    Google Scholar 

  302. Yarmoluk SM, Lukashov SS, Ogul'chansky TY, Losytskyy MY, Kornyushyna OS (2001) Biopolymers 62:219

    Google Scholar 

  303. Ishchenko AA (1994) The structure and the spectroscopic properties of polymethine dyes. Nahova Dumka, Kiev

    Google Scholar 

  304. Carreon JR, Mahon KP, Kelley SO (2004) Org Lett 6:517

    Google Scholar 

  305. Mahon KP, Otriz-Meoz RF, Prestwich EG, Kelley SO (2003) J Chem Soc, Chem Commun: 1956

    Google Scholar 

  306. Blazek ER, Peak JG, Peak MJ (1989) It may be noted that even singlet oxygen can induce frank strand breaks in plasmid DNA. Photochem Photobiol 49:607

    Google Scholar 

  307. Wright A, Bubb WA, Hawkins CL, Davies MJ (2002) Photochem Photobiol 76:35

    Google Scholar 

  308. Thomson M, Woodbury NW (2000) Biochemistry 39:4327

    Google Scholar 

  309. Thompson M, Woodbury NW (2001) Biophys J 81:1793

    Google Scholar 

  310. Bruist MF, Horvath SJ, Hood LE, Steits TA, Simon MI (1987) Science 235:777

    Google Scholar 

  311. Livingstone JR, Spolar RS, Record MT (1991) Biochemistry 30:4237

    Google Scholar 

  312. Crothers DM (1968) Biopolymers 6:575

    Google Scholar 

  313. Waring MJ (1965) J Mol Biol 13:269

    Google Scholar 

  314. Normeier E (1992) J Phys Chem 96:6045

    Google Scholar 

  315. Byrne CD, de Mello AJ (1998) Biophys Chem 70:173

    Google Scholar 

  316. Monaco RR, Hausheer FH (1993) J Biomol Struct 10:675

    Google Scholar 

  317. Borisova OF, Shchyolkina AK, Karapetyan AT, Surovaya AN (1998) Mol Biol 32:718

    Google Scholar 

  318. Pauluhn J, Zimmermann HW (1978) Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 82:1265

    Google Scholar 

  319. Talavera EM, Guerrero P, Ocana F, Alvarez-Pez JM (2002) Appl Spectrosc 56:362

    Google Scholar 

  320. Lippard SJ, Bond PJ, Wu KC, Bauer WR (1976) Science 194:726

    Google Scholar 

  321. Tsai CC, Jain SC, Sobell HM (1977) J Mol Biol 114:301

    Google Scholar 

  322. Chandrasekaran S, Jones RL, Wilson WD (1985) Biopolymers 24:1963

    Google Scholar 

  323. Davies DB, Veselkov A, Veselkov AN (1999) Mol Phys 97:439

    Google Scholar 

  324. Davies DB, Veselkov AN (1996) J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 92:3545

    Google Scholar 

  325. Guo Q, Lu M, Marky LA, Kallenbach NR (1992) Biochemistry 31:2451

    Google Scholar 

  326. Koeppel F, Riou JF, Laoui A, Mailliet P, Arimondo PB, Labit D, Petitgenet O, Hélène C, Mergny JL (2001) Nucleic Acids Res 29:1087

    Google Scholar 

  327. Tuite E, Nordén B (1995) Bioorg Med Chem 3:701

    Google Scholar 

  328. Rentzeperis D, Medero M, Marky LA (1995) Bioorg Med Chem 6:751

    Google Scholar 

  329. Olmstedt J III, Kearns DR (1977) Biochemistry 16:3647

    Google Scholar 

  330. LePecq JB, Paoletti C (1967) J Mol Biol 27:87

    Google Scholar 

  331. Hudson B, Jacobs R (1975) Biopolymers 14:1309

    Google Scholar 

  332. Heller DP, Greenstock CL (1994) Biophys Chem 50:305

    Google Scholar 

  333. Latimer LJP, Lee JS (1991) J Biol Chem 266:13849

    Google Scholar 

  334. Sailer BL, Nastasi AJ, Valdez JG, Steinkamp JA, Crissman HA (1997) J Histochem Cytochem 45:165

    Google Scholar 

  335. Sharp PA, Sugden B, Sambrook J (1973) Biochemistry 12:3055

    Google Scholar 

  336. Yguerabide J, Ceballos A (1995) Anal Biochem 228:208

    Google Scholar 

  337. Cui HH, Valdez JG, Steinkamp JA, Crissman HA (2003) Cytometry Part A 52A:46

    Google Scholar 

  338. Tramier M, Kemnitz K, Durieux C, Coppey-Moisan M (2004) J Microsc 213:110

    Google Scholar 

  339. Sailer BL, Nastasi AJ, Valdez JG, Steinkamp JA, Crissman HA (1996) Cytometry 25:164

    Google Scholar 

  340. Cai J, Soloway AH, Barth RF, Adams DM, Hariharan JR, Wyzlic IM, Radcliffe K (1997) J Med Chem 40:3887

    Google Scholar 

  341. Edwards ML, Snyder RD, Stemerick DM (1991) J Med Chem 34:2414

    Google Scholar 

  342. Stewart KD (1988) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 152:1441

    Google Scholar 

  343. Lown JW (1982) Acc Chem Res 15:381

    Google Scholar 

  344. Ferrari D, Peracchi A (2002) Nucleic Acids Res 30:112

    Google Scholar 

  345. Tettey JNA, Skellern GG, Midgley JM, Grant MH, Pitt AR (1999) Chem Biol 123:105

    Google Scholar 

  346. Luedtke NW, Liu Q, Tor Y (2003) Bioorg Med Chem 11:5235

    Google Scholar 

  347. Sawyer JR (1995) Hum Genet 95:49

    Google Scholar 

  348. Juranovic I, Meic Z, Piantanida I, Tumir LM, Zinic M (2002) J Chem Soc Chem Commun:1432

    Google Scholar 

  349. Tumir, LM, Piantanida I, Novak P, Zinic M (2002) J Phys Org Chem 15:599

    Google Scholar 

  350. Piantanida I, Palm BS, Cudic P, Zinic M, Schneider HJ (2001) Tetrahedron Lett 42:6779

    Google Scholar 

  351. Colmenarejo G, Bácena M, Guitiérrez-Alnso MC, Montero F, Orellana G (1995) FEBS Lett 374:426

    Google Scholar 

  352. Sammes PG, Shek L, Watmore D (2001) J Chem Soc Chem Commun:1625

    Google Scholar 

  353. Hall HB, Kelley SO, Barton JK (1998) Biochemistry 37:15933

    Google Scholar 

  354. Kelley SO, Holmlin RE, Stemp EDA, Barton JK (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:9861

    Google Scholar 

  355. Amann N, Huber R, Wagenknecht HA (2004) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 43:1845

    Google Scholar 

  356. Huber R, Amann N, Wagenknecht HA (2004) J Org Chem 69:744

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Organic Chemistry II, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany

    Heiko Ihmels & Daniela Otto

Authors
  1. Heiko Ihmels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniela Otto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Heiko Ihmels .

Editor information

Frank Würthner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ihmels, H., Otto, D. Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-Stranded DNA -- General Principles and Recent Developments. In: Würthner, F. (eds) Supermolecular Dye Chemistry. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 258. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b135804

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation