Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has widely contributed to the analysis of biological polyelectrolytes like DNA or proteins. Their behavior in the different electrophoretic separation systems is well understood. However, this knowledge is rather limited in the case of synthetic polyelectrolytes. This paper discusses our results on how it is possible to gain information on size, shape, and mobility from capillary electrophoresis experiments. Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) is the most valuable method for size characterization of polyelectrolytes. Different separation principles and sieving media are presented and an optimization concept is evaluated. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary isoelectric focussing (cIEF) can be used to study the influence of solvent properties such as ionic strength, buffer pH, and temperature on the size and surface charge of polycations, polybetaines, and polyampholytes in free solution. The pH dependence of the mobility can be used for the determination of charge neutrality of the surface. Systematic variations of structural parameters lead to significant changes in electrophoretic behavior. Even the formation of intermolecular associates is easily detectable by CZE. All results are in good agreement with orthogonal classical polyelectrolyte characterization methods which makes capillary electrophoresis a fast and efficient supplement to established methods.
These results have been reported, in part, at the following international symposia: HPCE 2000 (Saarbruecken, Germany), APCE 2000 (Hongkong, PR China), HPCE 2001 (Boston, MA, USA), ANAKON 2001 (Konstanz, Germany), HPCE 2002 (Stockholm, Sweden), ISC 2002 (Leipzig, Germany)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- [ η]:
-
intrinsic viscosity
- λ :
-
detection wavelength
- µ, µ 0 :
-
electrophoretic mobility; mobility in free solution
- µ*:
-
electrophoretic mobility in gel solution related to mobility in free solution
- µ r :
-
electrophoretic mobility related to internal standard
- BGE:
-
background electrolyte
- HDB:
-
hexadimethrine bromide
- M:
-
molecular mass
- PSS:
-
poly(styrenesulfonate)
- PVA:
-
poly(vinyl alcohol)
- PVBC:
-
poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)
- p(VPy):
-
poly(vinylpyridine)
- R g :
-
radius of gyration
- R h :
-
radius of hydration
- T :
-
temperature
- U :
-
applied voltage
- c :
-
concentration
- c *:
-
threshold concentration
- m :
-
size selectivity (in Capillary Gel Electrophoresis)
- pI:
-
isoelectric point
References
Kuhn R, Hoffstetter-Kuhn S (1993) Capillary electrophoresis: principle and practice. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Engelhardt H, Beck W, Schmitt T (1994) Capillary electrophoresis: methods and potentials. Vieweg, Braunschweig
Weinberger R (1993) Practical capillary electrophoresis. Academic Press, San Diego
Kok WT (2000) Capillary electrophoresis: instrumentation and operation, Chromatographia supplement, vol 51. Vieweg, Braunschweig
Krull I, Stevenson RL, Mistry K, Swartz ME (2000) Capillary electrochromatography and pressurized flow capillary electrochromatography—an introduction. HNB, New York
Bartle KD, Myers P (2001) (eds) Capillary electrochromatography. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
Deyl Z, Svec F (2001) (eds) Journal of Chromatography Library: Capillary electrochromatography. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Hu S, Dovichi NJ (2002) Anal Chem 74:2833
Rodriguez-Diaz R, Wehr T, Zhu M (1997) Electrophoresis 18:2134
Bello MS, Rezzonico R, Righetti PG (1994) J Chromatogr A 659:199
Cottet H, Gareil P (1997) J Chromatogr A 772:369
Viovy JL, Duke T (1993) Electrophoresis 14:322
Slater GW (1997) In: Heller C (ed) Analysis of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis. Vieweg, Braunschweig
Ogston AG (1958) Trans Faraday Soc 54:1754
Tietz D (1988) In: Chrambach A, Dunn MJ, Radola BJ (eds) Evaluation of mobility data obtained from gel electrophoresis: strategies on the computation of particle and gel properties on the basis of the extended Ogston model, Advances in Electrophoresis, vol 2. VCH, Weinheim
Heller C (1997) (ed) Analysis of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis. Vieweg, Braunschweig
Schwartz D, Koval M (1989) Nature 338:520
Carlsson C, Larsson A, Jonsson M (1997) In: Heller C (ed) Analysis of nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis. Vieweg, Braunschweig
Grosche O, Engelhardt H (2000) Adv Polym Sci 150:189
Clos HN, Engelhardt H (1998) J Chromatogr A 802:149
Poli JB, Schure MR (1992) Anal Chem 64:896
Engelhardt H, Cunat-Walter MA (1995) J Chromatogr A 716:27
Dolnik V (1998) Oral presentation at HPCE’98, Orlando
Dolnik V, Gurske WA (1999) Electrophoresis 20:3373
Ferguson KA (1964) Metabolism 13:985
Grubisic Z, Rempp P, Benoit H (1967) J Polym Sci Lett 5:753
Minarik M, Gas B, Kenndler E (1997) Electrophoresis 18:98
Barron AE, Soane DS, Blanch HW (1993) J Chromatogr A 652:31
Baba Y, Ishimura N, Samata K, Tsuhako MJ (1993) J Chromatogr A 653:329
Salas-Solano O, Carrilho E, Kotler L, Miller AW, Goetzinger W, Sosic Z, Karger BL (1998) Anal Chem 70:3996
Mori S, Barth HG (1999) Size exclusion chromatography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Clos HN (1998) PhD thesis, Saarland University, Saarbruecken
Wendler U, Bohrisch J, Jaeger W, Rother G, Dautzenberg H (1998) Macromol Rapid Commun 19:185
Grosche O, Bohrisch J, Wendler U, Jaeger W, Engelhardt H (2000) J Chromatogr A 894:105
Dautzenberg H, Görnitz E, Jaeger W (1998) Macromol Chem Phys 199:1561
Wandrey C, Görnitz E (1995) Polym News 20:377
Bohrisch J, Grosche O, Wendler U, Jaeger W, Engelhardt H (2000) Macromol Chem Phys 201:447
Volk NH (2002) PhD thesis, University of Mainz
Beck W, Engelhardt H (1992) Chromatographia 33:313
Acknowledgements
Financial support by the DFG as part of the “Schwerpunkt Polyelektrolyte” is gratefully appreciated (EN 104/14–2). We especially thank the Fraunhofer Institut Angewandte Polymerforschung, Golm, Germany (W. Jaeger, J. Bohrisch, U. Wendler, T. Schimmel, K. Sander) and the Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany (M. Schmidt, N. Volk, D. Vollmer) for cooperation and providing the polyelectrolyte samples. The results summarized here were extracted from the Ph.D. theses of Harald Clos (1998), Oliver Grosche (2001) and Markus Martin (2003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Engelhardt, H., Martin, M. (2004). Characterization of Synthetic Polyelectrolytes by Capillary Electrophoretic Methods. In: Schmidt, M. (eds) Polyelectrolytes with Defined Molecular Architecture I. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 165. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b11271
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b11271
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-00528-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-36433-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive