Experimental Considerations

Abstract

The rapid development of surface physics with spin-polarized electrons owes much to the development of new detectors and sources of polarized electrons. Many new experiments have become feasible only by these developments. In this chapter we will deal with the modern developments of sources and detectors, the traditional instruments being well described in other articles. A lucid explanation why conventional spin filters do not work with electrons has been given by Kessler /1976/. The Mott-Detector has extensively been treated by Van Klinken /1966/, Eckstein /1970/, and Jost et al. /1981/. Sources of polarized electrons, either by spin-orbit scattering from free atoms or by photoionization are described by Kessler /1976/. Sources based on Penning ionization of optically pumped atoms have been developed by Keliher et al. /1975/. The technique of electron capture spectroscopy using ions reflected under grazing incidence from magnetic materials has been reviewed by Rau /1982/.