Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Active sites in copper proteins an electronic structure overview

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Copper, Molybdenum, and Vanadium in Biological Systems

Part of the book series: Structure and Bonding ((STRUCTURE,volume 53))

Abstract

A detailed picture of the unique electronic structure of active sites in copper proteins is essential to our understanding of their biological functions. This has been achieved through a combination of complementary spectroscopic techniques, chemical perturbations, and parallel studies on copper complexes which serve as spectral analogues. These studies provide a basis for the generation of a “spectroscopically effective” picture of the active site and allow a correlation of changes in geometric and electronic structure with variation in function. When combined with high-resolution crystallographic information, single crystal spectral studies allow a correlation of electronic features with specific geometric features and provide a great deal of insight into the bonding at the site.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

CD:

Circular dichroism

cm−1 :

Wavenumber

CT:

Charge transfer

Cys:

Cysteine

ENDOR:

Electron nuclear double resonance

EPR:

Electron paramagnetic resonance

ESCA:

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

eV:

Electron volt

EXAFS:

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure

GHz:

Gigahertz

His:

Histidine

IR:

Infrared

IT:

Intervalent transfer

LEFE:

Linear electric field effect

MCD:

Magnetic circular dichroism

Met:

Methionine

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

SCF-Xα-SW:

Self-consistent field Xα scattered wave

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SQUID:

Superconducting quantum interference detector

T2D:

Type 2 depleted laccase

TT2D:

Treated type 2 depleted laccase

UV:

Ultraviolet

VIS:

Visible

VII. References

  1. Gray, H. B., Solomon, E. I.: Electronic structure of blue copper centers in proteins, in: Copper Proteins (ed.) Spiro, T. G., chapter 1, New York, Wiley-Interscience 1981

    Google Scholar 

  2. Solomon, E. I.: The binuclear copper active site: hemocyanin, tyrosinase and type 3 copper oxidases, ibid.in:, ibid. chapter 2

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ballhausen, C. J.: Introduction to Ligand Field Theory, New York, McGraw-Hill 1962

    Google Scholar 

  4. Mulliken, R. S., Rieke, C. A.: Repts. Progr. Phys. 8, 231 (1941)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Abragam, A., Bleaney, B.: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Transition Ions, Oxford, Clarendon 1970

    Google Scholar 

  6. Maki, A., McGarvey, B.: J. Chem. Phys. 29, 31 (1958)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Peisach, J., Blumberg, W. E.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 165, 691 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Walker, F. A., Sigel, H., McCormick, D. B.: Inorg. Chem. 11, 2756 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Falk, K.-E. et al.: Inorg. Chem. 3, 556 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lewis, W. B., Alei, M., Morgan, L. O.: J. Chem. Phys. 45, 4003 (1966)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Malmström, B. G., Vänngård, T.: J. Mol. Biol. 2, 118 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Davis, P. H., White, L. K., Belford, R. L.: Inorg. Chem. 14, 1753 (1975). See discussion in caption of Fig. 5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chow, C., Chang, K., Willett, R. D.: J. Chem. Phys. 59, 2629 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Froncisz, W. et al.: J. Biol. Chem. 254, 7482 (1979)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Feher, G. et al.: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 222, 86 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Mims, W. B., Peisach, J.: Pulsed EPR studies of metalloproteins, in: Biological Applications of Magnetic Resonance (ed.) Schulman, R. G., p. 221, New York, Academic, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mims, W. B.: The Linear Electric Field Effect in Paramagnetic Resonance, Oxford, Clarendon 1976

    Google Scholar 

  18. Peisach, J., Mims, W. B.: Chem. Phys. Lett. 37, 307 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hathaway, B. J., Billing, D. E.: Coord. Chem. Rev. 5, 143 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Holmes, O. G., McClure, D. S.: J. Chem. Phys. 26, 1686 (1957)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hathaway, B. J., Stephens, F.: J. Chem. Soc. A, 884 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  22. McFadden, D. L. et al.: J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 47 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  23. McFaden, D. L. et al.: J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 263 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  24. McLellan, A. W., Melson, G. A.: J. Chem. Soc. A, 137 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ferris, N. S. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 5939 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Glick, M. D. et al.: Inorg. Chem. 15, 1190 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Miskowski, V. M. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 8344 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ou, C. C. et al.: Inorg. Chem. 15, 3157 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hitchman, M. A., Cassidy, P. J.: Inorg. Chem. 18, 1745 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Oelkrug, D.: Struct. Bonding 9, 1 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Oelkrug, D.: Z. Physik. Chem. N.F. 56, 325 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kato, H.: Mol. Phys. 24, 81 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yasui, T., Hidaka, J., Shimura, Y.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 87, 2762 (1965)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Amundsen, A. R., Whelan, J., Bosnich, B.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 6730 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Elliot, H., Hathaway, B. J.: Inorg. Chem. 5, 885 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kennedy, B. P., Lever, A. B. P.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 6907 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bernarducci, E. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 1686 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fawcett, T. G. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 2598 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Downes, J. M., Whelan, J., Bosnich, B.: Inorg. Chem. 20, 1081 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hughey, J. L. IV et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 2617 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Agnus, Y., Louis, R., Weiss, R.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 3381 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ballhausen, C. J.: The measurement and interpretation of transition ion crystal spectra, in: Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 1 (eds.) Rao, C. N. R., Ferraro, J. R., chapter 1, New York, Academic 1970

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gillard, R. D.: Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism, in: Physical Methods in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (eds.) Hill, H. A. O., Day, P., chapter 5, New York, Wiley-Interscience 1968

    Google Scholar 

  44. Richardson, F. S.: Chem. Rev. 79, 17 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kuhn, W.: Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 9, 417 (1958)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Stephens, P. J.: Adv. Chem. Phys. 35, 197 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stephens, P. J.: Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 25, 201 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Eickman, N. C. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 6529 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Freedman, T. B., Loehr, J. S., Loehr, T. M.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 2809 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Larrabee, J. A. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 1979 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Valentine, J. S., Pantoliano, M. W.: Protein-metal ion interactions in cuprozinc protein (superoxide dismutase), in: Copper Proteins (ed.) Spiro, T. G., chapter 8, New York, Wiley-Interscience 1981

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ettinger, M. J., Kosman, D. J.: Chemical and catalytic properties of galactose oxidase, ibid.in:, ibid. chapter 6

    Google Scholar 

  53. Villafranca, J. J.: Dopamine-β-hydroxylase, ibid.in:, ibid. chapter 7

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hamilton, G. A.: Oxidases with monocopper reactive sites, ibid.in:, ibid. chapter 5

    Google Scholar 

  55. Richardson, J. S. et al.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1349 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Weser, U. et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 243, 203 (1971)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Rotilio, G. et al.: Biochemistry 11, 2187 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lieberman, R. A., Sands, R. H., Fee, J. A.: J. Biol. Chem. 257, 336 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Tainer, J. A. et al.: in 250 D: Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase Complete Atomic Coordinates (eds.) Richardson, D. C. and Richardson, J. S., Brookhaven Protein Structure Data Bank 1980

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rotilio, G., Calabrese, L., Coleman, J. E.: J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3855 (1973)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Weser, U.: Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 17, 1 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Fee, J. E., Gaber, B. P.: J. Biol. Chem. 247, 60 (1972)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Rotilio, G., Rigo, A., Calabrese, L.: Recent developments on the active-site structure and mechanism of bovine copper-and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase, in: Frontiers in Physiochemical Biology (ed.) Pullman, B., chapter 15, New York, Academic 1978

    Google Scholar 

  64. Fee, J. A., Peisach, J., Mims, W. B.: J. Biol. Chem. 256, 1910 (1981)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Malkin, R., Malmström, B. G.: The state and function of copper in biological systems, in: Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, 33 (ed.) Nord, F. F., p. 177, New York, Interscience 1970

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  66. Fee, J. A.: Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 23, 1 (1975)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Solomon, E. I., Hare, J. W., Gray, H. B.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 1389 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Solomon, E. I. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, 168 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Osborne, G. H., Cheng, J. C., Stephens, P. J.: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 10 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bates, C. A. et al.: Proc. Phys. Soc. 79, 73 (1962)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Parker, I. H.: J. Phys. C.: Solid St. Phys. 4, 2967 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Krishnan, V. G.: J. Chem. Phys. 68, 660 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bates, C. A.: Proc. Phys. Soc. 83, 465 (1964)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Dietz, R. E. et al.: Phys. Rev. 132, 1559 (1963)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Roberts, J. E. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 825 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Katoh, S., Takamiya, S.: J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 55, 378 (1964)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Solomon, E. I. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 3878 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. McMillan, D. R., Holwerda, R. A., Gray, H. B.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 1339 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. McMillan, D. R., Rosenberg, R. C., Gray, H. B.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4760 (1974)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Solomon, E. I. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 8046 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Colman, P. J. et al.: Nature (London) 272, 319 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Markley, J. L.: Biochemistry 14, 4428 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Penfield, K. W. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 4382 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Desjardins, S. R. et al.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  85. Tennent, D. L., McMillan, D. R.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 2307 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. McMillan, D. R., Morris, M. C.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 6567 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Peisach, J., Levine, W. G., Blumberg, W. E.: J. Biol. Chem. 242, 2847 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Companion, A. L., Komarynsky, M. A.: J. Chem. Educ. 41, 257 (1964)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Peisach, J., Mims, W. B.: Eur. J. Biochem. 84, 207 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bannister, J. V. (ed.): Structure and Function of Haemocyanin, Berlin, Springer-Verlag 1977

    Google Scholar 

  91. Ghiretti, F.: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 63, 165 (1956)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Himmelwright, R. S. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 5378 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Himmelwright, R. S. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 7339 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. van Schaick, E. J. M. et al.: The crystal structure of hemocyanin hexamer from Panulirus interruptus at 0.5 nm resolution, in: Invertebrate Oxygen-Binding Proteins (eds.) Lamy, J. and Lamy, J., p. 353, New York, Marcel Dekker 1981

    Google Scholar 

  95. Magnus, K. A., Love, W. E.: Crystals of a 70,000 dalton subunit of Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin, ibid., p. 363

    Google Scholar 

  96. Solomon, E. I. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98, 1029 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Dooley, D. et al.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 3019 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Schugar, H. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 6442 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hansen, A. E., Ballhausen, C. J.: Trans. Faraday Soc. 61, 631 (1965)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Smith, T. D., Pilbrow, J. R.: Coord. Chem. Rev. 13, 173 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Himmelwright, R. S., Eickman, N. C., Solomon, E. I.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 81, 237 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Himmelwright, R. S., Eickman, N. C., Solomon, E. I.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 81, 243 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Himmelwright, R. S., Eickman, N. C., Solomon, E. I.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 84, 300 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Himmelwright, R. S., Eickman, N. C., Solomon, E. I.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 1576 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Himmelwright, R. S., Eickman, N. C., Solomon, E. I.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 86, 628 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Eickman, N. C., Himmelwright, R. S., Solomon, E. I.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 2094 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Robin, M. B., Day, P.: Adv. Inorg. Chem. and Radiochem. 10, 247 (1967)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wilcox, D. E., Mims, W. B., Solomon, E. I.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  109. Fenton, D. E., Schroeder, R. R., Lintvedt, R. L.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 1931 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Gagné, R. R. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 4571 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Gatteschi, D., Mealli, C., Sacconi, L.: Inorg. Chem. 15, 2774 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Gagné, R. R., Henling, L. M., Kistenmacher, T. J.: Inorg. Chem. 19, 1226 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. van der Deen, H., Hoving, H.: Biochemistry 16, 3519 (1977)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Schoot Uiterkamp, A. J. M.: FEBS Lett, 20, 93 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Schoot Uiterkamp, A. J. M., Mason, H. S.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 993 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Schoot Uiterkamp, A. J. M. et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 372, 407 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. These simulation programs, based on a perturbation approach, have been used to estimate the metal-metal distance for a number of dipolar-coupled (|2J|<30 cm−1) cupric complexes (Boyd, P. D. W. et al.: J. Chem. Soc. Dalton, 1549 (1973)) and show good agreement when compared with x-ray crystallographic results

    Google Scholar 

  118. Witters, R., Lontie, R.: FEBS Lett. 60, 400 (1965)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Felsenfeld, G., Printz, M. P.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 6259 (1959)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Witters, R., DeLey, M., Lontie, R.: The reaction of Helix pomatia methemocyanin with azide and fluoride, in: Structure and Function of Haemocyanin (ed.) Bannister, J. V., p. 239, Berlin, Springer-Verlag 1977

    Google Scholar 

  121. Wilcox, D. E., Long, J. R., Solomon, E. I.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  122. Powers, L. et al.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  123. Brown, J. M. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 4210 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Co, M. S. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 984 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Hatfield, W. E.: Superexchange interactions in copper(II) complexes, in: Extended Interactions Between Metal Ions in Transition Metal Complexes (ed.) Interrante, L. V., chapter 10, Washington, D. C., ACS, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  126. Coughlin, P. K., Lippard, S. J.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 3228 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Arcus, C., Fivizzani, K. P., Pankovic, S. F.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 39, 285 (1977)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Ishimura, Y.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 46, 3728 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Loeb, S. J., Martin, J. W. L., Willis, C. J.: Inorg. Chem. 18, 3160 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Timmons, J. H. et al.: Inorg. Chem. 20, 181 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Curtis, N. F. et al.: J. Chem. Soc. Dalton, 1051 (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  132. Dickson, I. E., Robson, R.: Inorg. Chem. 13, 1301 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Countryman, R. M., Robinson, W. T., Sinn, E.: Inorg. Chem. 13, 2013 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Harris, C. M., Sinn, E.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 30, 2723 (1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Gruber, S. J., Harris, C. M., Sinn, E.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 30, 1805 (1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Goodenough, J. B.: Magnetism and the Chemical Bond, New York, Interscience 1963

    Google Scholar 

  137. Wong, R. Y., Palmer, K. J., Tomimatsu, Y.: Acta. Cryst. B 32, 567 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  138. Tomimatsu, Y., Kint, S., Scherer, J. R.: Biochemistry 15, 4918 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Harrod, J. F.: Canad. J. Chem. 47, 637 (1969)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Bullock, J. I., Hobson, R. J., Povey, D. C.: J. Chem. Soc. Dalton 2037 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  141. Ladd, M. F. C., Povey, D. C.: J. Cryst. Mol. Str. 6, 205 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Hobson, R. J., Ladd, M. F. C., Povey, D. C.: J. Cryst. Mol. Str 3, 377 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Frost, A. E. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 530 (1958)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Boggess, R. K., Martin, R. B.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 3076 (1975)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Ainscough, E. W., Brodie, A. M., Plowman, J. E.: Inorg. Chim. Acta. 33, 149 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Letter, J. E. Jr., Bauman, J. E. Jr.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 443 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Letter, J. E. Jr., Bauman, J. E. Jr.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 437 (1970)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Ainscough, E. W. et al.: Biochemistry 19, 4072 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. The BI component appears to have been observed in the UV-CD difference spectrum of oxy versus met at ∼ 260 nm: K. Lerch, private communication

    Google Scholar 

  150. Thewalt, U., Struckmeier, G.: Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 419, 163 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Thewalt, U.: Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 393, 1 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Zehnder, M., Thewalt, U., Fallab, S.: Helv. Chim. Acta 59, 2290 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Thewalt, U., Marsh, R.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 6364 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Lever, A. B. P., Gray, H. B.: Acc. Chem. Res. 11, 348 (1978)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Sasaki, Y., Fujita, J., Saito, K.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 44, 3373 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Fritch, J. R., Christoph, G. G., Schaefer, W. P.: Inorg. Chem. 12, 2170 (1973)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Mori, M., Weil, J. A.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 3732 (1967)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Thamann, T. J., Solomon, E. I.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  159. Larrabee, J. A., Spiro, T. G.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 4217 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Reinhammar, B., Malmström, B. G.: “Blue” copper-containing oxidases, in Copper Proteins (ed.) Spiro, T. G., chapter 3, New York, Wiley-Interscience 1981

    Google Scholar 

  161. Reinhammar, B. R. M., Vänngård, T. I.: Eur. J. Biochem. 18, 463 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Reinhammar, B.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 275, 245 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Morpurgo, L. et al.: Biochim. Biophys. Acta 336, 324 (1974)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Farver, O., Goldberg, J., Pecht, I.: Eur. J. Biochem. 104, 71 (1980)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Graziani, M. T. et al.: FEBS Lett. 70, 87 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. LuBien, C. D. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 7014 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Thamann, T. J., LuBien, C. D., Solomon, E. I.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  168. Spira, D. J., Solomon, E. I.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  169. A half-met laccase kinetic intermediate has also been reported: Reinhammar, B.: J. Inorg. Biochem. 15, 27 (1981)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Spira, D. J., Co, M. S., Hodgson, K. O., Solomon, E. I.: to be published

    Google Scholar 

  171. Spira, D. J., Winkler, M. E., Solomon, E. I.: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 107, 721 (1982)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Winkler, M. E., Spira, D. J., LuBien, C. D., Thamann, T. J., Solomon, E. I.: ibid., 727 (1982)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. LuBien, C. D., Solomon, E. I., Spira, D. J., Thamann, T. J., Winkler, M. E.: manuscript in preparation

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, Massachusetts

    Edward I. Solomon, Kevin W. Penfield & Dean E. Wilcox

  2. Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 94305, Stanford, California

    Edward I. Solomon, Kevin W. Penfield & Dean E. Wilcox

Authors
  1. Edward I. Solomon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kevin W. Penfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dean E. Wilcox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Solomon, E.I., Penfield, K.W., Wilcox, D.E. (1983). Active sites in copper proteins an electronic structure overview. In: Copper, Molybdenum, and Vanadium in Biological Systems. Structure and Bonding, vol 53. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0111302

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0111302

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-12042-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-39488-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation