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Kristallzucht aus der Gasphase

  • Rudolf Nitsche
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Advances in Solid State Physics book series (ASSP, volume 8)

Abstract

The preparation of single crystals of high purity or defined impurity contents is the basis of successful solid state research. Most crystal growth methods utilize liquid-solid phase transitions, i.e. the crystals are grown from melts or solutions. These methods cannot be applied to materials which have very high melting points, which decompose prior to melting, which sublime or for which suitable solvents do not exist. In order to fill this gap, various vapour phase methods have been developed in recent years. Whereas sublimation is confined to volatile materials, vapour phase reactions have found wide-spread application. The reactive gas mixture, yielding the solid phase, can be prepared by controlled unification of various gas streams or by chemical transport.

If carefully controlled, vapour phase methods can yield crystals of remarkable size, high chemical purity and excellent structural perfection. Apart from elements and simple binary compounds (oxides, sulfides, phosphides, arsenides), also ternary and quaternary compounds have been grown. Experimentally, two basic systems are in use:
  1. 1.

    Closed systems—usually sealed quartz ampoules—in which chemical transport takes place in a temperature gradient between a dissolution zone (T1) and a growth zone (T2). Such systems are especially suited for growing large crystals over long periods of time because they require little attention.

     
  2. 2.

    Open systems utilizing chemical transport in a flowing gas between T1 and T2 or direct unification of separate gas streams in a growth zone. This technique is especially useful for growing thin epitaxial films on orientated substrates. An additional advantage lies in the possibility of producing mixed crystals or incorporating dopants by varying the gas composition during growth.

     

This paper describes the utilization of sublimation and vapour phase reactions for growing single crystals and epitaxial layers. Various techniques are discussed and examples for important applications are given.

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Copyright information

© Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn GmbH, Verlag 1968

Authors and Affiliations

  • Rudolf Nitsche
    • 1
  1. 1.Laboratories RCA Ltd.Zürich

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