Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Organic semiconductors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Festkörperprobleme 14

Part of the book series: Advances in Solid State Physics ((ASSP,volume 14))

Abstract

A review is given on the energy levels, the generation and recombination, the transport and the trap kinetics of electrons and holes in organic molecular crystals with van der Waals bonds. Convincing experimental results are discussed which have led to basic aspects for a theoretical understanding. In this connection photoemission, injection, recombination-luminescence and the importance of space-charges are treated, whereas conduction in organic liquids, in polymers, in charge-transfer complexes and in radical ion salts is only briefly touched.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Lyons, L. E., in [15] Vol. I, 745 (covers the literature through 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kommandeur, J., in [15] Vol. II, 1 (literature through 3/1961).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kearns, D. R., Adv. Chem. Phys. VII, 282, Interscience (1964); (literature through 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Toptischijew, A. W., german ed. E. Rexer “Organische Halbleiter”, Akademieverlag, Berlin (1966), (literature through 1961/62).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gutman, F., and Lyons, L. E., “Organic semiconductors,” J. Wiley New York (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pope, M., Scientific American (Jan. 1967) p. 86.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Boguslavskii, L. L., and Vannikov, A. V., “Organic Semiconductors and Biopolymers,” Plenum Press New York (1970), (literature through 1966).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  8. Helfrich, W., in [15] Vol. III, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bourdon, J., and Schnuriger, B., in [15] Vol. III, 60.

    Google Scholar 

  10. LeBlanc, O. H., Jr., in [15] Vol. III, 133.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Pope, M., and Kallmann, H., in [12] 7. Electrical Conduction in Organic Solids, Disc. Faraday Soc. 51 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Electrical Conduction in Organic Solids, Disc. Faraday Soc. 51 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Castro, G., IBM—J. res. a. devel. 15, 27 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hanson, D. M., CRC Crit. Rev. Solid State Sci. 3, 243 (1973), (covers the literature through 1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Fox, D., Labes, M. M., and Weissberger, A., Eds. “Physics and Chemistry of the Orgnaic Solid State,” Vol. I, II, III, Interscience New York (1963, 1965, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wolf, H. C., in L. Genzel ed. “Die feste Materie”, 157, Umschau-Verlag Frankfurt/M. (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bondi, A., “Physical Properties of Molecular Crystals, Liquids and Glasses”, J. Wiley New York (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Birks, J. B., “Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules,” Wiley-Interscience, London (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Porter, M. W., and Spiller, R. C., “The Barker Index of Crystals” (7 Vol.), W. Heffer, Cambridge (1951).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Wyckoff, R. W. G., “Crystal Structures” Vol. 6 I, II, Interscience, New York (1971).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Landolt-Börnstein, New Series Group III, Vol. 5a, b., “Structure Data of Organic Crystals”, Springer, Berlin (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Winchell, A. N., “The Optical Properties of Organic Compounds”, Academic Press, New York (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Landolt-Börnstein, New Series Vol. 3-A. Schmillen and R. Legler, “Luminscence of Oeganic Substances”, Springer, Berlin (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Berlman, I. B., “Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules” 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Clar, E., Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Vol. I, II, Academic Press, New York (1964).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. Lipsett, F. R., 1956 and earlier until 1968: Mol. a. Liquid Cryst. 6, 175 (1969) and references given in the introduction.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sheka, E. F., and Morosova, A. I., 1969–71: Mol. a. Liquid Crystal 19, 331 (1973) and references given in the introduction.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sinclair, V. C., Robertson, J. M., and Mathieson, A. McL., Acta Cryst. 3, 251 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Cruickshank, D. W. J., Tetrahedron 17, 155 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Preuss, H., Grundriss der Quantenchemie, Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Glockner, E., and Wolf, H. C., Z. Naturf. 24a, 943 (1969).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Jetter, H. L., and Wolf, H. C., Phys. Stat. Sol. 22, K 39 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wolf, H. C., Festkörperprobleme Vol. IV, 57 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Malaspina, L., Gigli, R., and Bardi, G., J. of Chem. Phys. 59, 387 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hoesterey, D. C., and Letson, G. M., J. Phys. Chem. Sol. 24, 1609 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Probst, K. H., and Karl, N., to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Fischer, D., Mat. Res. Bull. 8, 385 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Fischer, D., J. Appl. Phys. 44, 1977 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Karl, N., and Probst, K. H., Mol. Cryst. and Liqu. Cryst. 11, 155 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Lupien, Y., and Williams, D. F., Mol. Cryst. 5, 1 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Sloan, G. J., Mol. Cryst. 1, 161 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Aris, F. C., Lewis, T. J., Thomas, J. M., Williams, J. O., and Williams D. F. Sol. State Comm. 12, 913 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Riehl, N., Becker, G., and Baessler, H., Phys. Stat. Sol. 15, 339 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Karl, N., Rohrbacher, H., and Siebert, D., Phys. Stat. Sol. a4, 105 (1971), (the off-diagonal components of εcr in the conventional notation should read 0.69 instead of 1.38).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kepler, R. G., Phys. Rev. 119, 1226 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. LeBlanc, O. H., Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 33, 626 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Karl, N., thesis Freiburg (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Karl, N., Schmid, E., and Seeger, M., Z. Naturf. 25a, 382 (1970).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Papadakis, A. C., J. Phys. Chem. Sol., 28, 641 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kepler, R. G., and Coppage, F. N., Phys. Rev. 151, 610 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Karl, N., and Sommer, G., Phys. Stat. Sol. a6, 231 (1971); see also: Proc. IInd Int. Conf. on Conduction in Low Mobility, Mat. Eilat 1971, Taylor and Francis London (1971) p. 357.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. Seki, H., J. Appl. Phys. 43, 1144 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hughes, R. C., J. Chem. Phys. 55, 5442 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mark, P., and Helfrich, W., J. Appl. Phys. 33, 205 (1962); H. a. M., Z. Phys. 166, 370 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. Many, A., and Rakavy, G., Phys. Rev. 126, 1980 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Helfrich, W., Phys. Stat. Sol. 7, 863 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Schwartz, L. M., and Hornig, J. F., J. Phys. Chem. Sol. 26, 1821 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. Seki, H., IEEE Transactions ED-19, 421 (1972), see also: J. Appl. Phys. 43, 523; 719; 1144; 1845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Baru, V. G., and Temnitskii, Yu. N., Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 1862 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rudenko, A. I., Sov. Phys. Semicond. 6 (T), 664 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Rudenko, A. I., Sov. Phys. Semicond. 5, 2097 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Hermann, A. M., J. Appl. Phys. 44, 926 (1973), eq. (14) and Fig. 2 are in error; see erratum.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. Silver, M., Dy, K. S., and Huang, I. L., Phys. Rev. Letters 27, 21 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hartmann, G. C., and Lipari, N. O., J. Appl. Phys. 44, 1676 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Karl, N., presented at the Spring Meeting of the German Phys. Soc. (DPG) in Freudenstadt, H116 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Belkind, A. I., and Aleksandrov, S. B., Phys. Stat. Sol. 9, 105 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sworakowski, J., Phys. Stat. Sol. a 10, K89 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sworakowski, J., Phys. Stat. Sol. a 13, 381 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sworakowski, J., Phys. Stat. Sol. a 14, K129 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. Aihara, J., Phys. Stat. Sol. 17, K37 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pope, M., J. Chem. Phys. 36, 2810 (1962); 37, 1001 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pope, M., Kallmann, H., and Giachino, J., J. Chem. Phys. 42, 2540 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lyons, L. E., Aust. J. Chem. 10, 365 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Lyons, L. E., J. Chem. Soc. 1975, 5001, (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Lyons, L. E., and Mackie, J. C., Proc. Chem. Soc. 71 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Dewar, M. J. S., and Worley, S. D., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 263 (1969).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Munn, R. W., and Williams, D. F., J. Chem. Phys. 59, 1742 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. Munn, R. W., Nicholson, J. R., Schwob, H. P., and Williams, D. F., J. Chem. Phys. 58, 3828 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. Batley, M., Johnston, L. J., and Lyons, L. E., Aust. J. Chem. 23, 2397 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Jurgis, A., and Silinsh, E. A., Phys. Stat. Sol. b 53, 735 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. Caywood, J. M., Mol. and Liquid Cryst. 12, 1 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Watanabe, K., J. Chem. Phys. 26, 542 (1957).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lyons, L. E., and Morris, G. C., J. Chem. Soc. 1960, 5192 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Kearns, D. R., and Calvin, M., J. Chem. Phys. 34, 2026 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Becker, R. S., and Wentworth, W. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2210 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Becker, R. S., and Chen, E., J. Chem. Phys. 45, 2403 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Eland, J. H. D., and Danby, C. J., Z. Ntf. 23a, 355 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Batley, M., and Lyons, L. E. Mol. Cryst. 3, 357 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Kochi, M., Harada, Y., Hirooka, T., and Inokuchi, H., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap. 43, 2690 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Marchetti, A., and Kearns, D. R., Mol. Cryst. a. Liqu. Cryst. 6, 299 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Boschi, R., Murrell, J. N., and Schmidt, W., Faraday Disc. Chem. Soc. 1972 No. 54, 116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Wache, R., Dipolmarbeit Stuttgart (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  93. Fujihira, M., T. Hirooka, and Inokuchi, H., Chem. Phys. Letters 19, 584 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. Seki, K., Inokuchi, H., and Harada, Y., Chem. Phys. Letters 20, 197 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hirooka, T., et al., Chem. Phys. Letters 18, 390 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. Vertsimakha, Ya. I., Kurik, M. V., Lopatkin, Yu. M., and Tsikora, L. I., Fiz. Tverdogo Tela 15, 955 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  97. Lohmann, F., Z. Natf. 22a, 843 (1967).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. Pope, M., and Burgos, J., Mol. Cryst. 1, 395 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Haarer, D., and Castro, G., Chem. Phys. Letters 12, 277 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hanson, D. M., reported at the 6th Molecular Crystal Symposium at Elmau, May (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  101. Abbi, S. C., and Hanson, D. M., J. Chem. Phys. 60, 319 (1974).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. Haarer, D., and Karl, N., Chem. Phys. Letters 21, 49 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. Karl, N., unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Probst, K. H., thesis, Stuttgart (1974); Probst, K. H., and Karl, N., presented at the Spring Meeting of the German Phys. Soc. (DPG) in Freudenstadt HL 234 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  105. Rohrbacher, H., thesis, Stuttgart (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Schmid, E., thesis, Stuttgart (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  107. Oyama, K., and Nakada, I., J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 24, 792 (1968).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. Schmillen, A., and Falter, W., Z. Phys. 218, 401 (1969).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. Sworakowski, J., Mol. Cryst. 11, 1 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Sworakowski, J., Mol. Cryst. 19, 259 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Reucroft, P. J., and F. D. Mullins, J. Chem. Phys. 58, 2918 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pernisz, U., thesis, Stuttgart (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Castro, G., and Hornig, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 42, 1459 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. Chaiken, R. F., and Kearns, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 45, 3966 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  115. Geacintov, N., and Pope, M., J. Chem. Phys. 47, 1194 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  116. Silver, M., Olness, D., Swicord, M., and Jarnagin, R. C., Phys. Rev. Letters 10, 12 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  117. Schott, M., and Berrehar, J., Phys. Stat. Sol. b 59, 175 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. Fourny, J., Delacôte, G., and Schott, M., Phys. Rev. Letters 21, 1085 (1968).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  119. Kepler, R. G., Phys. Rev Letters 18, 951 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. Courtens, E., Bergman, A., and Jortner, J., Phys. Rev. 156, 948 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  121. Holzman, P., Morris, R., Jarnagin, R. C., and Silver, M., Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 506 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kepler, R. G., Pure a. Appl. Chem. 27, 515 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  123. Karl, N., and Wache, R., to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Batt, R. H., Braun, C. L., and Hornig, J. F., Appl. Optics, Supplement 3: electrophotography, 20 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  125. Baessler, H., and Killesreiter, H., Phys. Stat. Sol. b 53, 183 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  126. Holroyd, R. A., Dietrich, B. K., and Schwarz, H. A., J. Phys. Chem. 76, 3794 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Bauser, H., thesis, Stuttgart (1965); Naturwissenschaften 54, 505 (1967); Bauser, H., and Ruf, H. H., Phys. Stat. Sol. 32, 135 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Schott, M., and Berrehar, J., Mol. Cryst. a. Liq. Cryst. 20, 13 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Killesreiter, H., and Baessler, H., Chem. Phys. Letters 11, 411 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. Willig, F., Michel-Beyerle, M. E., Photochem. and Photobiol. 16, 370 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  131. Nickel, B., Mol. Cryst. a. Liq. Cryst. 18, 227 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Mehl, W., and Funk, B., Phys. Letters 25A, 364 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  133. Pott, G. T., and Williams, D. F., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 1901 (1969).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. Dresner, J., and Goodman, A. M., Proc. IEEE 1868 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  135. Mehl, W., and Hale, J. M., in P Delahay and C. W. Tobias: Advanc. in Electrochem. a. Electrochem. Engineering Vol. 6, Interscience 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Michel-Beyerle, M. E., and Willig, F., Sol. State Comm. 7, 913 (1969).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. Baessler, H., Riehl, N., and Vaubel, G., Mol. Cryst. a. Liq. Cryst. 9, 249 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  138. Hirth, H., and Stöckmann, F., Phys. Stat. Sol. b 51, 691 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. Silver, M., Rho, J. R., Olness, D., and Jarnagin, R. C., J. Chem. Phys. 38. 3030 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  140. Spielberg, D. H., Korn, A. I., Damask, A. C., Phys. Rev. B 3, 2012 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. Mey, W., and Hermann, A. M., Phys. Rev. B 7, 1652 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. Chojnacki, H., Mol. Cryst. 5, 313 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Munn, R. W., Nicholson, J. R., Siebrand, W., and Williams D. F., J. Chem. Phys. 52, 6442 (1970).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  144. Sommer, G., Diplomarbeit Stuttgart (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  145. Schmid, E., Diplomarbeit Stuttgart (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  146. Probst, K. H., Dissertation Stuttgart (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  147. Nakada, I., and Ishihara, Y., J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 19, 695 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  148. Pott, G. T., and Williams, D. F., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 1901 (1969).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  149. Kepler, R. G., in Organic Semiconductors, edited by J. Brothy and J. W. Buttrey; The Macmillan Company, New York 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Schwartz, L. M., Ingersoll, H. G. Jr., and Hornig, J. F., Mol. Cryst. 2, 379 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Karl, N., and Sommer, G., to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Cox, G. A., and Knight, P. C., Phys. Stat. Sol. b 50, K 135 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  153. Kondrasiuk, J., and Szymaánski, A., Mol. Cryst. a. Liq. Cryst. 18, 379 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Williams, W. G., in Discussions of the Faraday Soc. 51, 61 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  155. Hoesterey, D. C., and Letson, G. M., J. Chem. Phys. 41, 675 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  156. LeBlanc, O. H., Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 37, 916 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  157. Ohki, K., Inokuchi, H., and Maruyama, Y., Bull. chem. Soc. Jap. 36, 1512 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Bepler, W., Z. Phys. 185, 507 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  159. Hoesterey, D. C., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 9A, 265 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  160. Szymanski, A., and Labes, M. M., J. Chem. Phys. 50, 1898 (1969).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  161. Soltzberg, L. J., Ash, B. M., and McKay, P. C., Mol. Cryst. a. Liq. Cryst. 21, 283 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Mortensen, O. S., Munn, R. W., and Williams, D. F., J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1192 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. Pethig, R., and Morgan, K., Phys. Stat. Sol. b 43, K119 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  164. Spielberg, D. H., Korn, A. I., and Damask, A. C., Phys. Rev. B, 3, 2012 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  165. Hildebrand, P., and Karl, N., unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Morel, D. L., and Hermann, A. M., Phys. Letters 36A, 101 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  167. Munn, R. W., Nicholson, J. R., Siebrand, W., and Williams, D. F., J. Chem. Phys. 52, 6442 (1970).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  168. Mey, W., Sonnonstine, T. J., Morel, D. L., and Hermann, A. M., J. Chem. Phys. 58, 2542 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. Chance, R. R., and Prock, A., Phys. Stat. Sol. 57, 597 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. Munn, R. W., Chem. Phys. Letters 16, 429 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  171. Munn, R. W., and Siebrand, W., Disc. Faraday Soc. 51, 17 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Chaikin, P. M., Garito, A. F., and Heeger, A. J., Phys. Rev. B 5, 4966 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  173. Vilfan, I., Phys. Stat. Sol. b 59, 351 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  174. Zgierski, M. Z., Phys. Stat. Sol. b 55, 451 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  175. Brenig, W., Döhler, G. H., and Heyszenau, H., Phys. Letters A 39, 175 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  176. Fleming, R. J., J. Chem. Phys. 56, 4911 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  177. Davis, H. T., Schmidt, L. D., and Minday, R. M., Chem. Phys. Letters 13, 413 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  178. Helfrich, W., and Schneider, W. G., Phys. Rev. Letters 14, 229 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  179. Mehl, W., and Büchner, W., z. Phys. Chem. N. F. 47, 76 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Sano, M., Pope, M., and Kallmann, H., J. Chem. Phys. 43, 2920 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  181. Lohmann, F., and Mehl, W., J. Chem. Phys. 50, 500 (1969).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  182. Dresner, J., RCA-Rev. 30, 322 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  183. Williams, D. F., and Schadt, M., J. Chem. Phys. 53, 3480 (1970).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  184. Schob, H. P., and Zschokke-Gränacher, I., Mol. and Liq. Cryst. 13, 115 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Williams, W. G., Spong, P. L., and Gibbons, D. J., J. Phys. Chem. Sol. 33, 1879 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  186. Vityuk, N. V., and Mikho, V. V., Sov. Physics-Semicond. 6, 1497 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  187. Schmidt, W. F., and Allen, A. O., J. Chem. Phys. 52, 4788 (1970).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  188. Bakale, G., and Schmidt, W. F., Z. Nat. F. 28a, 511 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  189. Freeman, G. R., Can. J. Phys. 51, 1686 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  190. Christophorou, L. G., Blaunstein, R. P., and Pittman, D., Chem. Phys. Letters 18, 509 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  191. Rochlitz, J., Chemiker-Zeitung 96, 561 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  192. Pillai, P. K. C., and Goel, M., Phys. Stat. Sol. a 6, 9 (1971).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  193. Meier, H., Albrecht, W., and Tschirwitz, U., Angewandte Chemie 84, 1077 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Hann, Read, Rosseinsky and Wassell, Nature 244, 126 (1973).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  195. Alt, H., Binder, H., Klempert, G., Kohling, A., and Sandstede, G., J. Appl. Electrochem. 2, 193 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Louzos, D. V., Darland, W. G., and Mellors, G. W., J. Electrochem. Soc. 120, 1151 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Tien, H. T., Photochem. a. Photobiology 16, 271 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Tributsch, H., Photochem. a. Photobiology 16, 261 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Witt, H. T., Quarterly Rev. of Biophys. 4, 365 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Bardeen, J., sol. State Comm. 13, 357 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  201. Coleman, L. B., Cohen, M. J., Sandman, D. J., Yamagishi, F. G., Garito, A. F., and Heeger, A. J., Sol. State Comm. 12, 1125 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  202. Rice, M. J., and Strässler, S., Sol. State Comm. 13, 697 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  203. Patton, B. R., and Sham, L. J., Phys. Rev. Letters 31, 631 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  204. Drickamer, H. G., and Frank, C. W., Ann. Rev. of Phys. Chem. 23, 39 (1972).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physikalisches Institut, Teil 3, Universität Stuttgart, Germany

    Norbert Karl

Authors
  1. Norbert Karl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

H. J. Queisser

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Karl, N. (1974). Organic semiconductors. In: Queisser, H.J. (eds) Festkörperprobleme 14. Advances in Solid State Physics, vol 14. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0108470

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0108470

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-528-08020-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75344-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation