Skip to main content

Microscopic properties and behavior of metal/semiconductor interfaces

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Festkörperprobleme 23

Part of the book series: Advances in Solid State Physics ((ASSP,volume 23))

Abstract

In the past few years significant advances have been made in observing and understanding the microscopic properties of metal/semiconductor interfaces. Progress in this direction has been particularly striking for the case of transition-metal/Si and corresponding silicide/Si interfaces because: (i) the interface chemistry is somewhat simplified by the existence of well-defined compounds as reaction products; (ii) previous thin film studies have provided a considerable body of background information on some aspects of these reactions; and (iii) new experiments using a broad variety of techniques have addressed and correlated the electronic structure, the atomic structure, and the electrical properties of the interface on a microscopic level. The investigations have demonstrated the dominance of the microscopic chemical interactions in determining the interface properties. This paper reviews the essential scientific issues of metal/semiconductor interfaces and summarizes the evidence acquired and conclusions reached concerning the microscopic interface chemistry and Schottky barrier characteristics of transition-metal/Si and silicide/Si interfaces.

Supported in part by the U.S. Office of Naval Research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G. W. Rubloff, Surface Science (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. S. Ho, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1, 745 (1983).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. P. S. Ho and G. W. Rubloff, Thin Solid Films 89, 433 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. G. W. Rubloff and P. S. Ho, Thin Solid Films 93, 21 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. S. P. Murarka, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17, 775 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 2nd edition (Wiley, N. Y., 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  7. K. N. Tu and J. W. Mayer, Thin Films—Interdiffusion and Reactions, edited by J. M. Poate, K. N. Tu, and J. W. Mayer, (Wiley, New York, 1978), p. 359.

    Google Scholar 

  8. K. N. Tu, R. D. Thompson, and B. Y. Tsaur, Appl. Phys. Letters 38, 626 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. J. L. Freeouf, G. W. Rubloff, P. S. Ho, and T. S. Kuan, Phys. Rev. Letters 43, 1836 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. G. W. Rubloff, Proceedings of the 8th International Vacuum Congress, Cannes, France, Sept. 22–26, 1980, Vol. I, Thin Films, p. 562.

    Google Scholar 

  11. P. S. Ho, G. W. Rubloff, J. E. Lewis, V. L. Moruzzi, and A. R. Williams, Phys. Rev. B 22, 4784 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. G. W. Rubloff, P. S. Ho, J. L. Freeouf, and J. E. Lewis, Phys. Rev. B23, 4183 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. G. W. Rubloff, Phys. Rev. B25, 4307 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Föll, P. S. Ho, and K. N. Tu, Phil. Mag. A45, 31 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. J. Purtell, P. S. Ho, G. W. Rubloff, and P. E. Schmid, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, Montpellier, France, Sept. 6 10, 1982 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. N. Miller, S. A. Schwarz, I. Lindau, and W. E. Spicer, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17 (5), 920 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. L. Braicovich and I. Abbati, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17, 1005 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. I. Abbati, L. Braicovich, U. Del Pennino and B. De Michelis, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Surface Science, Cannes, France, Sept. 22–26, 1980, Vol. II, p. 959 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  19. I. Abbati, L. Braicovich, B. De Michelis, O. Bisi, and R. Rovetta, Solid State Commun. 37, 119–122 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. I. Abbati, G. Rossi, I. Lindau, and W. E. Spicer, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 19, 636–640 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. G. Rossi, I. Abbati, L. Braicovich, I. Lindau, and W. E. Spicer, Phys. Rev. B25, 3627 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. P. J. Grunthaner, F. J. Grunthaner, and J. W. Mayer, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17, 924 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. N. W. Cheung, P. J. Grunthaner, F. J. Grunthaner, J. W. Mayer, and B. M. Ulrich, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 18, 917 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. P. J. Grunthaner, F. J. Grunthaner, D. M. Scott, and M-A. Nicolet, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 19, 641 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. P. J. Grunthaner, F. J. Grunthaner, A. Madhukar, and J. W. Mayer, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 19, 649 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. P. J. Grunthaner, F. J. Grunthaner, and A. Madhukar, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 21, 637 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. P. J. Grunthaner, F. J. Grunthaner, and A. Madhukar, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 20, 680 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. H. Weaver, V. L. Moruzzi and F. A. Schmidt, Phys. Rev. B23, 2916 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Franciosi, D. J. Peterman, J. H. Weaver, and V. L. Moruzzi, Phys. Rev. B25, 4981 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. J. Chabal, A. Franciosi, J. H. Weaver, J. E. Rowe, and J. M. Poate, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  31. A. Franciosi, J. H. Weaver, D. G. O'Neill, Y. Chabal, J. E. Rowe, J. M. Poate, O. Bisi, and C. Calandra, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 21, 624 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. A. Franciosi, J. H. Weaver, and F. A. Schmidt, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  33. A. Franciosi, D. J. Peterman, and J. H. Weaver, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 19, 657 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. G. V. Hansson, R. Z. Bachrach, R. S. Bauer, P. Chiaradia, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 18, 550 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Y. J. Chabal, R. J. Culbertson, L. C. Feldman and J. E. Rowe, J. Vac. Sci. Technol 18, 880 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. P. S. Ho, P. E. Schmid, and H. Föll, Phys. Rev. Letters 46, 782 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. J. A. Roth and C. R. Crowell, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 15, 1317 (1978).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. N. Cheung, M.-A. Nicolet, and J. W. Mayer, Thin Film Interfaces and Interactions, ed. by J. E. E. Baglin and J. M. Poate (Vol. 80–2, The Electrochemical Society, 1980), p. 176.

    Google Scholar 

  39. N. W. Cheung, R. J. Culbertson, L. C. Feldman, P. J. Silverman, K. W. West, and J. W. Mayer, Phys. Rev. Letters 45, 120 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. N. W. Cheung and J. W. Mayer, Phys. Rev. Letters 46, 671 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. R. Tromp, E. J. van Loenen, M. Iwami, R. Smeenk, and F. W. Saris, Thin Solid Films 93, 151 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. K. C. R. Chiu, J. M. Poate, L. C. Feldman and C. J. Doherty, Appl. Phys. Letters 36 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  43. K. C. R. Chiu, J. M. Poate, L. C. Feldman, and C. J. Doherty, Thin Film Interfaces and Interactions, ed. by J. E. E. Baglin and J. M. Poate (Vol. 80-2, The Electrochemical Society, 1980), p. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  44. P. S. Ho, T. Y. Tan, J. E. Lewis, and G. W. Rubloff, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 16, 1120 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Föll, P. S. Ho, and K. N. Tu, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 250 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. P. E. Schmid, P. S. Ho, H. Föll, and G. W. Rubloff, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 18, 937 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. H. Föll and P. S. Ho, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 5510 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. J. Stöhr and R. Jaeger, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 21, 619 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. J. G. Clabes, G. W. Rubloff, B. Reihl, R. J. Purtell, P. S. Ho, A. Zartner, F. J. Himpsel, and D. E. Eastman, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 20, 684 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. R. Purtell, J. G. Clabes, G. W. Rubloff, P. S. Ho, B. Reihl, and F. J. Himpsel, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 21, 615 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. R. J. Purtell, P. S. Ho, G. W. Rubloff, and P. E. Schmid, Proc. of the 16th Int. Conf. on the Physics of semiconductors, Montpellier, France, 1982, Physica 11, 834 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  52. L. Braicovich, B. De Michelis, O. Bisi, C. Calandra, U. del Pennino, and S. Valeri, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 49, 1071 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  53. O. Bisi and C. Calandra, J. Phys. C (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Y. Chabal, D. R. Hamann, J. E. Rowe, M. Schlüter, (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  55. F. J. Himpsel and D. E. Eastman, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 16, 1297 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. R. Butz, G. W. Rubloff, and P. S. Ho, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  57. I. Abbati, L. Braicovich, U. Del Pennino, B. De Michelis, and S. Valeri, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Surface Science. Cannes, France, Sept. 22–26, 1980, Vol. II, p. 1023 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Y. J. Chang and J. L. Erskine, Phys. Rev. B26, 4766 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. G. Rossi, I. Abbati, L. Braicovich, I. Lindau, and W. E. Spicer, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 21, 617 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. I. Abbati, L. Braicovich, B. De Michelis and U. del Pennino, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17, 1303 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. D. E. Eastman, F. J. Himpsel, J. A. Knapp, and K. C. Pandey, Proceedings of the 14th International Semiconductor Conference, Edinburgh, 1978, edited by B. L. H. Wilson (Institute of Physics and Physical Society, London, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  62. P. S. Ho, G. W. Rubloff, J. E. Lewis, V. L. Moruzzi, and A. R. Williams, Thin Film Interfaces and Interactions, ed. by J. E. E. Baglin and J. M. Poate (Vol. 80–2, The Electrochemical Society, 1980), p. 85.

    Google Scholar 

  63. J. L. Freeouf, G. W. Rubloff, P. S. Ho, and T. S. Kuan, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 17, 916 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. I. Abbati, G. Rossi, L. Braicovich, I. Lindau, W. E. Spicer, and B. De Michelis, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 6994 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. K. Oura, S. Okada, and T. Hanawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 35, 705 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. L. J. Chen, J. W. Mayer, K. N. Tu, and T. T. Sheng, Thin Solid Films 93, 91 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. D. Cherns, D. A. Smith, W. Krakow, and P. E. Batson, Phil. Mag. 45, 107 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. W. Krakow, Thin Solid Films 93, 109 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. R. T. Tung, J. M. Gibson, and J. M. Poate, Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 429 (1983).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. G. W. Rubloff, Phys. Rev. B25, 4307 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. J. L. Freeouf, Solid State Commun. 33, 1059 (1979).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. J. L. Freeouf, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 18, 910 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. L. Braicovich, Surface Science (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  74. R. J. Purtell, G. Hollinger, G. W. Rubloff, and P. S. Ho, (to be published).

    Google Scholar 

  75. W. Schottky, Z. Physik 113, 367 (1939).

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. J. Bardeen, Phys. Rev. 71, 717 (1947).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. M. Schlüter, Thin Solid Films 93, 1 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. R. H. Williams, Contemp. Phys. 23, 329 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. J. M. Andrews and J. C. Phillips, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 56 (1975).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. G. Ottaviani, K. N. Tu, and J. W. Mayer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 284 (1980).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. P. E. Schmid, P. S. Ho, and T. Y. Tan, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 20, 688 (1982).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. G. Ottaviani, K. N. Tu, and J. W. Mayer, Phys. Rev. B24, 3354 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. R. J. Purtell, G. Hollinger, G. W. Rubloff, and P. S. Ho, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A1, 566 (1983).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. J. L. Freeouf, M. Aono, F. J. Himpsel, and D. E. Eastman, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 19, 681 (1981).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. J. G. Clabes, G. W. Rubloff and T. Y. Tan, (to be published).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

P. Grosse

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rubloff, G.W. (1983). Microscopic properties and behavior of metal/semiconductor interfaces. In: Grosse, P. (eds) Festkörperprobleme 23. Advances in Solid State Physics, vol 23. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0107975

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0107975

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-528-08029-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-75372-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics