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Realities and trends in enzymatic prebleaching of kraft pulp

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Biotreatment, Downstream Processing and Modelling

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 56))

Abstract

Use of biotechnology in pulp bleaching has attracted considerable attention and achieved interesting results in recent years. Enzymes of the hemicellulolytic type, particularly xylan-attacking enzymes, xylanases, are now used in commercial mills for pulp treatment and subsequent incorporation into bleach sequences. There are various reasons for mills to consider the use of bleaching enzymes. Some of the primary reasons are environmental (e.g. reductions in chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and hypochlorite) or economic (decreased chlorine dioxide and/or peroxide requirement), or relate to improved pulp quality (higher brightness ceiling) and improved mill flexibility.

Although environmental pressures on the pulp producers were responsible for the initial interest in new technologies or biochemical solutions for eliminating chlorine-containing chemicals, which may still be the case in certain parts of the world, there is now a consumer-led demand for elemental chlorine-free (ECF) and total chlorine-free (TCF) pulps. ECF and TCF pulp production offer opportunities for enzymes, which provide a simple and cost-effective way to reduce the use of bleaching chemicals. Enzymes also offer an approach to addressing the need for the elimination of bleach plant effluent discharge. The current developments in enzymatic prebleaching are reviewed here within an engineering context.

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Abbreviations

AOX:

Adsorbable organic halogens

BOD:

Biochemical oxygen demand

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

DP:

Degree of polymerization

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulphoxide

ECF:

Elemental chlorine free

ISO:

International standard organization

MCC:

Modified continuous cooking

PV:

Photovolt

TCF:

Total chlorine free

TOCl:

Total organic chlorine

C:

Chlorination

CD :

Chlorination, with addition of a small amount of chlorine dioxide

(C+D):

Chlorination, with a mixture of chlorine and chlorine dioxide with chlorine in excess

C/D:

Sequential bleaching, with chlorine and subsequent treatment with chlorine dioxide without washing between the addition of chemicals

D:

Chlorine dioxide treatment

Dc :

Chlorine dioxidet treatment with addition of a small amount of chlorine

D/C:

Sequential bleaching, with chlorine dioxide and subsequent chlorination without washing between the addition of chemicals

E:

Alkaline extraction

EH :

Alkaline extraction in the presence of hypochlorite

E0 :

Alkaline extraction in the presence of oxygen

EOP :

Alkaline extraction in the presence of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

EP :

Alkaline extraction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide

H:

Hypochlorite treatment

O:

Oxygen delignification

P:

Hydrogen peroxide treatment

Q:

Chelation of metals

X:

Enzyme treatment

Z:

Ozone treatment

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  1. Chemical Engineering Division, Thapar Corporate Research & Development Centre, 147001, Patiala, India

    Pratima Bajpai & Pramod K. Bajpai

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  1. Pratima Bajpai
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Bajpai, P., Bajpai, P.K. (1997). Realities and trends in enzymatic prebleaching of kraft pulp. In: Biotreatment, Downstream Processing and Modelling. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 56. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0103028

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