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Microbial carotenoids

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Downstream Processing Biosurfactants Carotenoids

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 53))

Abstract

Carotenoids occur universally in photosynthetic organisms but sporadically in nonphotosynthetic bacteria and eukaryotes. The primordial carotenogenic organisms were cyanobacteria, and eubacteria that carried out anoxygenic photosynthesis. The phylogeny of carotenogenic organisms is evaluated to describe groups of organism which could serve as sources of carotenoids. Terrestrial plants, green algae, and red algae acquired stable endosymbionts (probably cyanobacteria) and have a predictable complement of carotenoids compared to prokaryotes, other algae, and higher fungi which have a more diverse array of pigments. Although carotenoids are not synthesized by animals, they are becoming known for their important role in protecting against damage by singlet oxygen and preventing chronic, diseases in humans. The growth of aquaculture during the past decade as well as the biological roles of carotenoids in human disease will increase the demand for carotenoids. Microbial synthesis offers a promising method for production of carotenoids.

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Abbreviations

Φ (psi):

Acyclic

β (beta):

Cyclohexene

ε (epsilon):

Cyclohexene

λ (lambda):

Lambda (wavelength)

CHEF:

Contour-clamped Homogenous Electric Field electrophoresis

C/N:

Carbon to nitrogen ratio

DCW:

Dry cell weight

EMS:

Ethyl methane sulfonate

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

E/Z:

cis/trans Stereoisomers

FACS:

Fluorescence activated cell sorting

HDCO:

3-Hydroxy-3′,4′-didehydro-β, Φ-caroten-4-one

HMG-CoA-reductase:

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

NAD(P):

β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Phosphate)

NTG:

N-Methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

PG:

n-Propyl gallate

RFLP:

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

SHAM:

Salicylhydroxamic acid

1O2:

Singlet oxygen

μ:

Specific growth rate

Yx/s:

Yield of cells on substrate

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  1. Departments of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, University of Wisconsin, 1925 Willow Drive, and Bacteriology, 1550 Linden Drive, 53706, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    Eric A. Johnson & William A. Schroeder

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Johnson, E.A., Schroeder, W.A. (1995). Microbial carotenoids. In: Downstream Processing Biosurfactants Carotenoids. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 53. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0102327

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