Abstract
Individuals learn from experience no matter what they do. But what is natural for an individual is far less straight-forward in groups or companies. There are some suggestions in literature how this hurdle can be overcome: The experience factory is a concept tailored to the software domain. In the tradition of this domain, however, the concepts are generally activity-or organization-focused and only rarely address cognitive issues.
At DaimlerChrysler, we were called in to establish experience transfer at the organizational levels in three business units. In three case studies, we saw a recurring pattern of cognitive tasks. While these tasks were carried out quite differently, there is a core to each of them that should not be neglected.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M.S. Ackermanm. Augmenting the organizational memory: A field study of Answer Garden. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSWS), 1994.
V. Basili, G. Caldiera, F. McGarry, R. Pajerski, and G. Page. The Software Engineering Laboratory—An operational software experience factory. In Proceedings of the 14 th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pages 370–381, May 1992.
V.R. Basili, G. Caldiera, and H.D. Rombach. Experience factory. In Marciniak [24]. pages 469–476.
V.R. Basili, G. Caldiera, and H.D. Rombach. Goal question metric paradigm. In Marciniak [24]. pages 528–532.
V.R. Basili and H.D. Rombach. Support for comprehensive reuse. Software Engineering Journal, pages 303–316, 1991.
Gro"ses Handlexikon in Farbe, Gütersloh, 1979. Bertelsmann Verlagsgruppe.
J.S. Brown and P. Duguid. Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation. Organization Science, 1(2):40–57, 1991.
P. Conklin and M. Begeman. gIBIS: A hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion. Transactions of Office Information Systems, 6(4):303–331, 1988.
M.A. Cusumano. Japan's software factories: A challenge to U.S. management. Oxford University Press, New York, 1991.
C. Differding, B. Hoisl, and C.M. Lott. Technology package for the goal question metric paradigm. Technical Report 281/96, Universität Kaiserslautern, 1996.
G. Fischer. Supporting Learning on demand with design environments. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Sciences (ICLS), pages 165–172, 1991.
G. Fischer. Turning breakdowns into opportunities for creativity. Knowledge-Based Systems, 7(4):221–232, 1994.
G. Fischer, A. Girgensohn, K. Nakakoji, and D.F. Redmiles. Supporting software designers with integrated domain-oriented design environments. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 18(6):511–522, 1992.
G. Fischer, S.R. Henninger, and D.F. Redmiles. Cognitive tools for locating and comprehending software objects for reuse. In Proceedings of the 13 th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pages 318–328, 1991.
G. Fischer, S. Lindstaedt, J. Ostwald, K. Schneider, and J. Smith. Informaing system design through organizational learning. In Proceedings on the 2 nd International Conference on the Learning Society (ICLS), pages 52–59, Northwestern University, Evanston, 1996.
F. Houdek. Software quality improvement by using an experience factory. In R. Dumke, F. Lehner, and A. Abran, editors, Software Metrics—Research and Practice in Software Measurement, pages 167–182. Deutscher Universitätsverlag, Wiesbaden, 1997.
F. Houdek and H. Kempter. Quality patterns—An approach to packaging software engineering experience. ACM Software Engineering Notes, 22(3):81–88, May 1997. M. Harandi (ed.), Proceedings of the 1997 Symposium on Software Reusability (SSR).
F. Houdek, K. Schneider, and E. Wieser. Establishing experience factories at Daimler-Benz—An experience report. In Proceedings of the 20 th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pages 443–447. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1998.
A.L. Kidd, editor. Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems. Plenum Press, New York, 1987.
C.W. Krueger. Software reuse. ACM Computing Surveys, 24(2):131–183, 1992.
D. Landes and K. Schneider, Systematic analysis and use of experiences from software projects at Daimler-Benz. In A. Oberweis and H.M. Sneed, editors, Software Management '97, pages 63–73. Teubner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1997. (In German).
D. Landes, K. Schneider, and F. Houdek. Organizational learning and experience documentation in industrial software projects. International Journal on Human-Computer Studies, 51:643–661, 1999.
S. Lindstaedt. Group memories: A knowledge medium for communities of interest. PhD thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1998.
J.J. Marciniak, editor. Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.
C. McClure. Extending the software process to include reuse. Symposium on Software Reusability, May 1997. Tutorial.
F. McGarry. Experimental software engineering; packaging for reuse. In H.D. Rombach, V.R. Basili, and R.W. Selby, editors, Experimental software engineering issues: critical assessment and future directions, number 706 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 213–215. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1993.
J. Ostwald. The evolving artifact approach: Knowledge construction in collaborative software development. PhD thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1995.
Perfect Consortium. Part 9: The PEF model. In Perfect Project Documentation. ESPRIT Project 9090, 1997.
M. Polanyi. The tacit dimension. Doubleday, Garden City, New York, 1966.
F. Puppe. Systematic introduction to expert systems: Knowledge representation and problem-solving methods. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1993.
K. Schneider. Prototypes as assets, not toys. why and how to extract knowledge from prototypes. In Proceedings of the 18 th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), pages 522–531, 1996.
D.A. Schön. The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books, New York, 1983.
P. Senge. The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday Currency, N.Y., 1990.
M. Stolze. Visual critiquing in domain oriented design environments: Showing the right thing at the right place. In J.S. Gero and F. Sudweeks, editors, Artificial Intelligence in Design '94, pages 467–482. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.
L.G. Terveen, P.G. Selfridge, and M.D. Long. From folklore to living design memory—human factors in computing systems. In Proceedings of INTERCHI '93, pages 15–22, 1993.
K.E. Watkins and V.J. Marsick. Sculpting the learning organization—Lessons in the art and science of systematic change. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1993.
T. Winograd and F. Flores. Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Ablex Publishing Corporation, Norwood, 1986.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Wieser, E., Houdek, F., Schneider, K. (2000). Push or pull: Two cognitive modes of systematic experience transfer at DaimlerChrysler. In: Ruhe, G., Bomarius, F. (eds) Learning Software Organizations. SEKE 1999. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1756. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0101421
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0101421
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-41430-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-44470-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive