Abstract
The collisionless limit of the N-body problem is often justified by the long 2-body relaxation time. Several other possibilities exist by which stellar systems can evolve and relax faster than previously expected. In particular observations and numerical experiments suggest that fractal distribution functions can spontaneously occur. The understanding of the complex evolution of N-body systems such as galaxies requires presently complementary paradigms.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Athanassoula E., Bienaymé O., Martinet L., Pfenniger D., 1983, A&A 127, 349
Chandrasekhar S., 1941, ApJ 93, 285 and 323
Chandrasekhar S., 1943, ApJ 97, 255
Coleman P.H., Pietronero L., 1992, Phys. Rep. 213
Combes F., Debbasch F., Friedli D., Pfenniger D., 1990, A&A 233, 82
Combes F., Sanders R.H., 1981, A&A 96, 164
Contopoulos G., Papayannopoulos Th., 1980, A&A 92, 33
de Zeeuw T., 1985, MNRAS 216, 273 and 599
Falconer K.J., 1990, Fractal Geometry, Wiley, Chichester
Falgarone E., 1992, in: Astrochemistry of Cosmic Phenomena, P.D. Singh (ed.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 159
Freeman K.C., 1970, ApJ 160, 811
Fridman A.M., Polyachenko V.L., 1984,Physics of Gravitating Systems, Springer, New-York
Friedli, D., Pfenniger, D., 1990, in: Bulges of Galaxies, ESO Conf. and Workshop Proc. 35, B.J. Jarvis, D.M. Terndrup (eds.), p. 265
Hasan H., Norman C.A., 1990, ApJ 361, 69
Hasan H., Pfenniger D., Norman C.A., 1993, ApJ 409, 91
Hohl F., 1971, ApJ 168, 343
Hohl F., 1973, ApJ 184, 353
Jarvis B.J., 1990, in: Dynamics and Interactions of Galaxies, R. Wielen (ed.), Springer, Berlin, p. 416
Mandelbrot B., 1982, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Freeman, San Fransisco
Martinet L., Pfenniger D., 1987, A&A 173, 81
Pfenniger D., 1984, A&A 141, 171
Pfenniger D., 1985, Sur la Dynamique Stellaire des Galaxies Barrées, Thesis No. 2156, University of Geneva
Pfenniger D., 1986, A&A 165, 74
Pfenniger D., 1990, A&A 230, 55
Pfenniger D., Combes F., 1994, A&A, in press
Pfenniger D., Friedli D., 1991, A&A 252, 75
Pfenniger D., Norman C., 1990, ApJ 363, 391
Poincaré H., 1892, Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste, Vols. 1-3, Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1957, New-York, Dover
Raha N., Sellwood J.A., James R.A., Kahn F.D., 1991, Nat 352, 411
Scalo J., 1990, in: Physical Processes in Fragmentation and Star Formation, R. Capuzzo-Dolcetta et al. (eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 151
Sellwood J.A., 1992, in: Evolution of Interstellar Matter and Dynamics of Galaxies, J. Palouš, W.B. Burton, P.O. Lindblad (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 343
Schwarzschild M., 1979, ApJ 232, 236
Toomre A., Kalnajs A.J., 1991, in: Dynamics of Disc Galaxies, B. Sundelius (ed.), Göteborg University, p. 341
Udry S., Pfenniger D., 1988, A&A 198, 135
van Albada T.S., 1982, MNRAS 201, 939
van Albada T.S., 1986, in: The Use of Supercomputers in Stellar Dynamics, P. Hut, S. McMillan (eds.), Springer, Berlin, p. 23
Wielen R., 1977, A&A 60, 263
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer-Verlag
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pfenniger, D. (1994). Order and chaos in “collisionless” numerical simulations. In: Gurzadyan, V.G., Pfenniger, D. (eds) Ergodic Concepts in Stellar Dynamics. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 430. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0058108
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0058108
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-57929-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-48386-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive