Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of atomic distribution in liquid metals and alloys by means of X-Ray-, neutron-, and electron-diffraction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Volume 47

Part of the book series: Springer Tracts in Modern Physics ((STMP,volume 47))

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abrahams, S. S.: Goniometer-mounted evacuated furnace for single crystal neutron diffractometry. Rev. Sci. Instr. 34, 113 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alekseev, N. V., and A. M. Evseev: Investigation of the structure of liquid Cd-Sn alloys. Kristallografia 4, 348 (1959); Soviet. Phys. Cryst. 4, 323 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  3. -, and Ya. J. Gerasimov: Study of the structure of liquid Bi-Sn alloys. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 121, 488–491 (1958); Proc. Akad. Sci. USSR. Phys. Chem. Sect. 121, 521 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  4. --, and A. M. Evseev: Study of the structure of the liquid alloys In2Bi and In Bi. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 129, 563 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Animalu, A. O. E., and V. Heine: The screened model potential for 25 elements. Phil. Mag. 12, 1249 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Arakawa, K.: On the free volume theory of liquid; J. Phys. Soc. Japan 9, 647 (1954).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ascarelli, P., and Y. Caglioti: Accurate measurements of structure factors of liquids by slow-neutron spectrometry. Nuovo Cimento 43, 375–388 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bacon, G. E.: Neutron diffraction. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1955.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Baikowa, A. A.: Structure and properties of liquid metals; Academy of Sciences of USSR, Institute for Metallurgy, Moscow 1959 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bannerjee, K.: X-ray investigation on the structure of alloys in the system Na-K. Indian J. Phys. 3, 399 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bartenev, G. M.: The quasi-eutectic structure of a liquid eutectic. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Met. Topl. 3, 138–140 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  12. -: On the structure of liquid eutectic alloys. In: Structure and properties of liquid metals, p. 3. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of USSR, Institute for Metallurgy 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  13. -, and J. N. Nikonowa: Some peculiarities of the constitution diagrams of binary eutectics in connection with the structure of liquid eutectics. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Met. Topl. 3, 131 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bauer, G., and F. Sauerwald: The classification of molten metals and alloys; Part 5. Wissenschaftl. Z. Martin-Luther-Univ. 10, 1029–1067 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bayanov, A. P., and V. V. Serebremikov: Distribution of erbium in the molten systems Al-Cd, Al-Pb, Al-Bi. Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 39, 2816 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Belaschenko, D. K.: Structure of liquid eutectics (Bi-Cd). Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 39 (6), 1331–1337 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bernal, J. D.: A geometrical approach to the structure of liquids. Nature 183, 141 (1959).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. -: Geometry of the structure of monatomic liquids. Nature 185, 68 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. -The geometry of the structure of liquids; p. 25 in [148].

    Google Scholar 

  20. -: The structure of liquids. Proc. Roy. Soc. A 280, 299–322 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. -, and J. Mason: Coordination of randomly packed spheres. Nature 188, 910 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bewilogua, L.: On the incoherent scattering of X-rays. Phys. Z. 32, 740 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bezirganyan, P. A.: X-Ray scattering in liquids; Soviet Phys. Techn. Phys. 9, 1282 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  24. -: X-ray scattering on gases, liquids and amorphous bodies. Zhur. Tekhn. Fiz. 32, 753–758 (1962); Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 7, 549 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Black, P. J., and J. A. Cundall: The structures of liquid mercury and liquid aluminium. Acta cryst. 19, 807 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. --: The structure of liquid Al-Fe-alloys. Acta Cryst. 20, 417 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Boedtker, O. A., R. Conley la Force, W. B. Kendall, and S. F. Ravitz: Melting of gallium. Trans. Faraday Soc. 61, 665 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Böhm, L., and M. Kahlweit: On the cinetics of phase formation during the segregation of binary metallic melts. Z. Phys. Chem. 49, 147 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Boiko, B. T., L. S. Palatnik, and N. I. Rod'kina: Electron diffraction analysis of the structure of superheated and supercooled molten metals. Phys. Metals Metallogr. 13, 70 (1962); Fiz. Metal, i Metalloved. 13, 555 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bosio, L., and A. Defrain: Formation of metastable solid phases of Ga. J. Chim. Phys. 61, 859, 863 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  31. --and I. Epelboin: On the overheating of Bi-melts. Compt. Rend. 253, 2343–2345 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Boyd, R. N., and H. R. Wakeham: The effect of temperature on the structure of mercury. J. Chem. Phys. 7, 958 (1939).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Breitling, G., and H. Richter: Structure of molten Au and liquid Hg according to the method of “separation of different kinds of scattering”. Z. Physik 172, 338 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. -: Different methods for the investigation of the structure of molten metals. Z. Physik 178, 294 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Brözel, R., D. Handtmann, and H. Richter: Structure of molten tin at different temperatures. Naturwissenschaften 49, 129 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. ---: Temperature dependence of the structure of monatomic metal melts. Z. Physik 168, 322–332 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Broyles, A. A., S. U. Chung, and H. L. Sahlin: Comparison of radial distribution functions from integral equations and Monte Carlo. J. Chem. Phys. 37, 2462 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. -, H. L. Sahlin, and D. D. Carley: Radial distribution functions for long-range forces. Phys. Rev. Letters 10, 319 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bublik, A. J.: Electron diffraction study of the structure of thin films of molten tin. Kristallografiya 2, 240 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  40. -, and A. G. Buntar: Electron diffraction study of the structure of molten tin and bismuth. Zh. met. 1, 1513 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  41. --: Structure investigation of molten Al and Bi. Fiz. Metal, i Metalloved. 5, 53 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  42. --: Electron diffraction study of the structure of liquid metals and alloys. Sov. Phys. Crystallog. 3, 31 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  43. --: Electron diffraction study of the structure of Al-Sn. Fiz. Metal. i Metalloved. 6, 692 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  44. --, and N. P. Gayevaia: Structure of Bi-Sn by electron diffraction. Uchen. Zap. Kharkowsk univ. 98, Trud. Fiz. Otd. Fiz. Mat. Fak. 7, 251 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Buschert, R. L., I. G. Geib, and K. Lark Horovitz: Structure of molten In-Sb. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 1, 111 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Campbell, J. A., and J. H. Hildebrand: The structure of liquid xenon. J. Chem. Phys. 11, 334 (1943).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. Chadwick, G. H.: Eutectic solidification, p. 326 in [148].

    Google Scholar 

  48. Chalmers, B.: Dynamic nucleation, p. 308 in [148].

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chamberlain, O.: Neutron diffraction in liquid sulfur, lead and bismuth. Phys. Rev. 77, 305 (1950).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Clayton, G. T., and L. Heaton: Neutron diffraction study of krypton in the liquid state. Phys. Rev. 121, 649 (1961).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Compton, A. H., and S. K. Allison: X-rays in theory and experiment. New York: D. van Nostrand Comp. 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Cowley, J. M.: An approximate theory of order in alloys, Phys. Rev. 77, 669 (1950).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  53. Cromer, D. T., and J. T. Waber: Scattering factors computed from relativistic Dirac-Slater wave functions. Acta Cryst. 18, 104 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Curien, H.: X-ray study of the structure of liquids. J. Chim. Phys. 61, 92–96 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Dahler, J. S., and J. O. Hirschfelder: “Improved” free-volume theory of liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 25, 249 (1956); 32, 330 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Danilov, B. I.: Scattering of X-rays in liquids. Dnjepropetrowsk, 1935, 137 p., 62 ref.

    Google Scholar 

  57. -, and I. V. Radohenko: Structure of molten Bi-Sn and Sn-Zn alloys. Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 12, 756 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Danilova, A. I., and V. I. Danilov: X-ray investigation of liquid alloys: methodology; Bi-Pb Alloys. Probl. Metalloved. i Fiz. Metal. No. 2, 31–47 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Davis, M. V., and D. T., Hauser: Thermal neutron data for the elements. Nucleonics 16, 87 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Debye, P., and H. Menke: Determination of the inner structure of liquids by X-rays. Phys. Z. 31, 797 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  61. --: Investigation of molecular order in liquids by X-rays. Ergebn. Tech. Röntgenkde. 2, 1 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Desjardins, M.: Study of the structure of molten metals by X-ray diffraction. CEA Bibliographie Nr. 54, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Dutchak, Ya. I.: X-ray investigation of the structure of aluminium in the liquid state. Kristallografya 6, 124 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  64. -: Coordination number and structure of liquid metals. Fiz. Metal. i Metalloved. 9, 888 (1960) or Sowjet. Phys. Metal. Metallog. 9, 80 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  65. -: Structure of liquid antimony. Fiz. Metal. i Metalloved. 9, 314 (1960), or Phys. Metals Metallog. 9, 139 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  66. -: On the short range order and properties of liquid Bi. Fiz. metal. i metalloved. 11, 290 (1961), or Phys. Metals Metallog. 11, 133 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Dutchak, Ya. I.: X-ray investigation of the short range order in Sn-Bi alloys in the liquid state. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 4, 504 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  68. -, and M. M. Klym: Atomic arrangement in complex molten eutectic alloys. Phys. Metals Metallog. 19, No. 1, 128 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  69. --: X-ray diffraction study of a liquid In-Bi alloy. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 39, 403 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  70. --, and O. G. Mykolaichuk: On the character of atom's distribution in the complex eutectic alloys in a liquid state (In-Bi). Fiz. metal. i Metalloved. 19, 137 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  71. ---: On the structure and properties of the alloy In2Bi in liquid state. Fiz. Metal. i Metalloved. 14, 787–789 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  72. -, and O. G. Mykolaichuk: On the problem of the structure of metals in the liquid state; Dopov. ta povid. L'vivs' k univ.. 9. issue, part 2, 31–33 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  73. --, and M. M. Klym: On the short range order and properties of simple melts. Visnik L'vivs'k univ. Ser. fiz. No. 1 (8), 138–140 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  74. ---: X-ray analysis of the structure of certain liquid metals. Fiz. Metal. i Metalloved. 14, 548–554 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  75. -, and M. M. Klym: Structure and thermoelectric properties of the Bi-Cd system in the solid and liquid state. Soviet. Phys. Solid State 7, 1595 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Eckstein, B.: A disorder model of melting and melts. Phys. Stat. Sol. 20, 83 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Egelstaff, P. A., C. Duffill, V. Rainey, J. E. Enderby, and D. M. North: The structure for liquid metals at low angles. Phys. Letters 21, 3 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Ehrenfest, P.: On interference phenomena to be expected when X-rays pass through a diatomic gas. Proc. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam A, 1184 (1914).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Eisenstein, A., and N. S. Gingrich: The diffraction of X-rays by argon in the liquid, vapor and critical regions. Phys. Rev. 62, 261 (1942).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. Elliott, J. A., H. E. Hall, and D. St. P. Bunburg: Study of liquid diffusion by Mössbauer absorption and Rayleigh scattering. Proc. Phys. Soc. 89, 595–612 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. Enderby, J. E., and N. H. March: Electron theory of melting in close-packed metals. Proc. Phys. Soc. 88, 717 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. --: Interatomic forces and the structure of liquids. Advan. Phys. 14, 453 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. -, D. M. North, and P. A. Egelstaff: The partial structure factors of liquid Cu-Sn. Phil. Mag. 14, 961 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. Eremenko, V. N.: Surface tension of liquid metals. Ukrain. Khim. Zhur. 28, 427–440 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  85. -, V. I. Nischtschenko, H. I. Lebi, and B. B. Bosatrenho: Surface tension of binary liquid alloys with maxima on the liquidus curve. Ukr. Khim. Zhur. 28, 500 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Evseev, A. M.: Relative distribution function and the structure of liquids. Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 38, 2706 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  87. Eyring, H., and T. Ree: Significant liquid structures; vacancy theory of liquids. Proc. U.S. Natl. Acad. Sci. 47, 526 (1961).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. Faber, T. E., and J. M. Ziman: A theory of the electrical properties of liquid metals: III. The resistivity of binary alloys. Phil. Mag. 11, 153 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. Fessler, R. R., R. Kaplow, and B. L. Averbach: Pair correlations in liquid and solid aluminium. Phys. Rev. 150, 1, 34–43 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. Filipovich, V. N.: Fouriertransformation of the intensity curves of alloys. Soviet. Phys.-Tech. Phys. 1, 391 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  91. -: The determination of interatomic distances from the radial distribution curves of scattered X-rays. Soviet Phys. Tech. Phys. 1, 409 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  92. Fisher, I. Z.: Present state of the theory of liquids. Soviet Phys. Usp. 5, 239 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. -Connection between the structure of monatomic liquids and the structure of crystals; p. 22 in [271].

    Google Scholar 

  94. Flint, O.: Surface tension of liquid metals. J. Nucl. Mater. 16, 233–248 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fournet, G.: On the structure of liquids. Handbuch der Physik, Bd. 32. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Frenkel, J. I.: Kinetic theory of liquids, p. 138. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Frost, B. R. T.: The structure of molten metals. Progr. Metal Phys. V, 96 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  98. Furukawa, K.: The radial distribution curves of liquids by diffraction methods. Repts. Progr. Phys. 25, 395 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. -: A structural model for monatomic liquids including metallic liquids. Nature 184, 1209 (1959).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. -: The structural model of monatomic liquids including metallic liquids near the melting point. Sci. Rep. Res. Inst. Tohoku Univ. 12, 368 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  101. -, B. R. Orton, J. Hamor, and G. I. Williams: The structure of liquid tin. Phil. Mag. 8, 141 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gamertsfelder, C.: Atomic distribution in liquid elements. J. Chem. Phys. 9, 450 (1941).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. Geisenfelder, H., and H. Zimmermann: X-ray investigation of the structure of liquid formic acid. Ber. Bunsenges. 67, 63 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Gerlach, J., F. Heisterkamp, H.-G. Kleist u. K. Mayer: Diffusion in Liquid Metals. Metall 20, 127 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  105. Gingrich, N. S.: X-ray and neutron diffraction studies of liquid structure, p. 172 in [148].

    Google Scholar 

  106. -: The diffraction of X-rays by liquid elements. Rev. Mod. Phys. 15, 90 (1943).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  107. -, and L. Heaton: Structure of alkali metals in the liquid state. J. Chem. Phys. 34, 873 (1961).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. -, and R. E. Henderson: The diffraction of X-rays by liquid alloys of sodium and potassium. J. Chem. Phys. 20, 117 (1952).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. -, and C. W. Thompson: Atomic distribution in liquid argon near the triple-point. J. Chem. Phys. 36, 2398–2450 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. -, and C. N. Wall: The structure of liquid potassium. Phys. Rev. 56, 336 (1939).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. Glaubermann, A. E.: On the theory of short range ordering in liquids. Zh. Eksperim. i Teor. Fiz. 22, 249 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Glazov, V. M.: Peculiarities of the change in the structure and in the character of the chemical bond of semiconductors on melting, p. 101 in [271].

    Google Scholar 

  113. -, A. A. Vertman, and E. G. Shvidhovskii: Contribution to review of the discussion on structure and properties of liquid metals. Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Otdel. Tekh. Nauk, Met. i Topl. No. 3, 104–115 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  114. Glocker, R.: Material research by means of X-rays. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  115. -: Evaluation of atomic distribution by means of X-rays in liquid and amorphous materials. Ergebn. Exakt. Naturwiss. 22, 186 (1949).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. -, and H. Hendus: The atomic distribution in liquid indium, thallium and lead. Ann. Phys. 43, 513 (1943).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. -, and H. Richter: Electron beam interferences of molten metal alloys. Naturwissenschaften 31, 236 (1943).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  118. Green, H. S.: The molecular theory of fluids. Amsterdam: N. H. Publishing Comp. 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Greenfield, A. J.: Hall coefficients of liquid metals. Phys. Rev. 135, 1589 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  120. Grek, A.: On the structure and properties of liquid metals. Met. i Topl. 3, 120 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  121. Grigorovich, V. K.: The structure of liquid alloys in connection with phase diagrams (Cu-Ni, Au-Cu, Ag-Au, Cu-Pb). Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Otd. tekh. Nauk; Met. i Topl. 3, 124–129 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  122. -Structures of transition metals in liquid state, p. 93 in [271].

    Google Scholar 

  123. -: Structure of liquid metals in relation to their electronic structure. Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Otd. Tekh. Nauk, Met. i Topl., 2, 93–109 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  124. van der Grinten, W.: Temperature dependence and use of monochromatic radiation for the scattering of X-rays in gaseous CCl4. Phys. Z. 34, 609 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  125. Guinier, A.: Theory and techniques of radiocrystallography. Paris: Dunod 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Halder, N. C., R. J. Metzger, and C. N. J. Wagner: Atomic distribution and electrical properties of liquid mercury-thallium alloys. J. Chem. Phys. 45, 1259 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  127. Halder, N. C., and C. N. J. Wagner: Temperature dependence of the structure and transport properties of liquid thallium. J. Chem. Phys. 45, 482–487 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  128. -Partial interference and atomic distribution function of liquid Ag-Sn alloys. USAEC, Tech. Rep. Yale-2560-15 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  129. Hanabusa, and N. Bloembergen: Nuclear magnetic relaxation in liquid metals, alloys and salts. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 27, 363–375 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  130. Harasima, A.: Atomic distribution functions of liquids. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 8, 590 (1953).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  131. Heaton, LeRoy, and C. W. Tompson: Structure of Na-Cs alloys with neutron diffraction. Acta Cryst. 16, A 85 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  132. Helman, J. S., and W. Baltensberger: The dielectric constant of liquid metals. Phys. Kond. Mat. 5, 60–72 (1966); or Helv. Phys. Acta 38, 642 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  133. Henderson, D.: The theory of liquids and dense gases. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 15, 31 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  134. Hendus, H.: Atomic distribution in the liquid elements Pb, Tl, In, Sn, Au, Ga, Bi, Ge and in liquid alloys of the system Au-Sn. Z. Naturforsch. 2A, 505 (1947).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  135. -: Atomic distribution in liquid mercury. Z. Naturforsch. 3A, 416 (1948).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  136. -, and H. K. F. Müller: The W-Kα-interference curve of liquid Sb. Z. Naturforsch. 10a, 254 (1955).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  137. Henninger, E. H., R. C. Buschert, and LeRoy Heaton: Atomic structure and correlation in liquid binaries by X-ray and neutron diffraction with application to NaK. J. Chem. Phys. 44, 1758 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  138. Henshaw, D. G.: Atomic distribution in liquid and solid neon and solid argon by neutron diffraction. Phys. Rev. 111, 1470 (1958).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  139. Herre, F.: Comparison of calculated and measured atomic distribution in carbon, selenium and bortrioxyde. Dissertation T.H. Stuttgart 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  140. -, and H. Richter: Calculation of atomic distribution curve of different structure models. Z. Phys. 150, 149–161 (1958).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  141. Hildebrand, J. H.: Liquid structure and energy of vaporization. J. Chem. Phys. 7, 1 (1939).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  142. Hiroike, K.: On the theory of fluids. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 13, 1497 (1958).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  143. Hirschfelder, J. O., C. F. Curtiss, and R. B. Bird: Molecular theory of gases and liquids. New York: J. Wiley & Sons 1954.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  144. Hosemann, R., and S. N. Bagchi: Direct analysis of diffraction by matter. Amsterdam: North Holland Publ. Comp. 1962.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  145. -and K. Lemm: Paracrystallinity and three dimensional analysis of radial density distribution in molten metals. Conference on Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids, Delft 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  146. --, and H. Krebs: The termination effect and its influence on the atomic distribution curves of amorphous materials and liquids. Z. Phys. Chem. 41, 121 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. van Hove, L.: Correlations in space and time and Born approximation scattering in systems of interacting particles. Phys. Rev. 95, 249 (1954).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  148. Hughes, T. J. (Editor): “Liquids”: Structure, Properties, Solid Interactions. Proc. Symp. on Liquids, Warren, Michigan 1963. Amsterdam-London-New York: Elsevier Publ. Comp. 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Hultgren, R., N. S. Gingrich, and B. E. Warren: The atomic distribution in red and black P and the crystal structure of black P. J. Chem. Phys. 3, 351 (1935).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hume-Rothery, W., and E. Anderson: Eutectic compositions and liquid immiscibility in certain binary alloys. Phil. Mag. 5, 383 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  151. -and G. V. Raynor: The structure of metals and alloys. Inst. Met. London (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  152. Hurst, D. G., and D. G., Henshaw: Atomic distribution in liquid helium by neutron diffraction. Phys. Rev. 100, 994 (1955).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  153. Illarinov, V. V., and A. S. Cherepanova: Structure of liquid Sb with X-ray diffraction. Dokl. Akad. Nauk USSR 133, 1086 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  154. Ilschner, B.: Diffusion and viscosity in molten metals. Z. Metallkde. 57, 194 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  155. International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography, Vol. III. Lonsdale, K.: Physical and Chemical Tables. Birmingham, England: Kynoch Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Jackson, K. A.: Nucleation from the melt. Ind. Eng. Chem. 57, 28–32 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. James, R. W.: The optical principles of the diffraction of X-rays. London: G. E. Bell & Sons 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Janik, J. A.: Cold neutron study of the structure of liquids. J. Chim. Phys. 61, 97–107 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  159. Johnson, M. D., P. Hutchinson, and N. H. Merch: Ion-Ion oscillatory potentials in liquid metals. Proc. Roy. Soc. 282A, 282 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  160. Joshi, M. L.: High temperature furnace for X-ray diffraction of liquid metals. Rev. Sci. Instr. 36, 678 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  161. -, and C. N. J. Wagner: Atomic distribution in molten Ag-Sn alloys. Z. Naturforsch. 20a, 564 (1965).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  162. Kaplow, R., and B. L. Averbach: X-ray diffractometer for the study of liquid structures. Rev. Sci. Instr. 34, 579–581 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  163. -, S. L. Strong, and B. L. Averbach: Radial density functions for liquid mercury and lead. Phys. Rev. 138a, 1336 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  164. ---Local order in liquid alloys. Office of Naval Research, Contract Nr. 1841 (48), Technical Report No. 6, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  165. ---: Determination of X-ray scattering factors with liquid specimens. Acta Cryst. 19, 1043 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Karlikov, D. N.: X-ray investigation of the short range order of liquid Cd-amalgams. Ukr. Fiz. Zhur. 2, 43 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  167. -: X-ray investigation of the short range order of liquid Zn-amalgams. Ukr. Fiz. Zhur. 3, 370 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  168. Katada, K.: Studies on the radial distribution analysis in diffraction methods. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 13, 51 (1958).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  169. Keating, D. T.: Interpretation of the neutron or X-ray scattering from a liquid-like binary. J. Appl. Phys. 34, 923 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  170. Keesom, W. H., and J. DeSmedt: On the diffraction of Röntgen-rays in liquids. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam Proc. 25, 118 (1922).

    Google Scholar 

  171. Khan, A.: Radial distribution functions of liquid krypton. Phys. Rev. 136, A 1259 (1964).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  172. Khokhlov, S. F.: Some problems pertaining to the structure of liquids, p. 10 in [271].

    Google Scholar 

  173. -, and Ye. Z. Spektor: On the possibilities of X-ray diffraction experiments at liquid high melting metals. Fiz. Metal. i Metalloved. 15, 311 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  174. Kim, Y. S., C. L. Stanley, R. F. Kruh, and G. T. Clayton: X-ray diffraction of liquid InHg. J. Chem. Phys. 34, 1464 (1961).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  175. Kirkwood, J. G., V. A. Lewinson, and B. J. Alder: Statistical theory of liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 20, 929 (1952).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  176. Klyachko, Yu. A.: On the macromolecular structure of liquid metals and on the interaction between macromolecules. Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Otd. Tekh. Nauk, Met. i Topi. No. 6, 85–87 (1960); see also ref. [271].

    Google Scholar 

  177. Komnik, Yu. F.: Electron diffraction by liquid metal phases formed by condensation below the melting point. Sov. Phys. Cryst. 11, 205 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  178. Kontorova, T. A.: Investigation of liquid InSb with X-rays and neutrons. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Met. i Topi. No. 3, 157 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  179. -: On the nature of the change in the short range order when melting certain semiconductors. Met. i Topl. No. 3, 157 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  180. Kora, K.: Structure analysis by X-ray diffraction. In: Pierre, G. R. St.: Met. Soc. Conf. Vol. 7. Phys. Chem. of process metallurgy, Part I. New York: Interscience Publ. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Kozakevitch, P.: Measurement of the surface tension of metals, p. 1E in Nat. Phys. Lab. Symp. No. 9. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Kratky, O.: The structure of liquid mercury. Phys. Z. 34, 482 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  183. Krebs, H., M. Hauche, and H. Weyand: Atomic distribution in liquid Bi, SnSb and InSb. The phys.-chemistry of metallic solutions and intermetallic compounds. National Phys. Lab. Symp. No. 9. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Krogh Moe, J.: A method for converting experimental X-ray intensities to an absolute scale. Acta cryst. 9, 951 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Kruh, R. F.: Diffraction studies of the structure of liquids. Chem. Rev. 62, 319–346 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. -, G. T. Clayton, C. Head, and G. Sandlin: Structure of liquid mercury. Phys. Rev. 129, 1479 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  187. Kurshchev, B. I., A. M. Bogomolov, and L. S. Sharipova: Diffraction of neutrons in liquid lead. Fiz. Met. i Metalloved. 22, 279 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  188. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, D.: Theory of melting. Phys. Rev. 140, A 1599 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  189. Lachlan, D, M., and L. L. Chamberlain: Atomic vibrations and the melting process in metals. Acta Met. 12, 571 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  190. Lashko, A. S.: X-ray investigation of molten K. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 1, 403 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  191. -: Determination of atomic distribution in polyatomic liquids. Vopr. Fiz. Met. i Metalloved. 6, 66 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  192. -: The structure of liquid AuSn. Proc. Akad. Sci. USSR 125, 235 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  193. -: Investigation of the structure of molten Sn-Zn alloys by X-ray diffraction. Nauk. Rabot. Inst. Metallofiz. Akad. Nauk USSR 8, 182 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  194. -: X-ray investigation of the structure of some liquid metallic systems (Bi-Sn, Sn-Zn, Au-Sn, Al-Ag). Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 33, 1730–1738 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  195. -, and D. N. Karlikov: Calculation of atomic distribution curves of liquids, shown for the example mercury. Vop. Fiz. met. i Metalloved. No. 9, 198 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  196. -, and A. V. Romanova: Structure of certain metallic liquid alloys. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 3, 375 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  197. --: On the investigation of molten eutectic alloy systems by X-rays. Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR Met. i Topl. 3, 135 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  198. --: Investigation of the short range order in some liquid binary systems. Symp. Nauk Rabot. Inst. Metallog. Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR 10, 150–159 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  199. Latin, A.: The structure of liquid metals. A review. J. Inst. Metals 66, 177 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  200. Lauermann, I., G. Metzger, and F. Sauerwald: Review on liquid metals and alloys (Surface tension). Wiss. Z. Univ. Halle XIII, H. 10, 773–796 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  201. Mc Laughlin, E., and A. R. Ubbelohde: Pre-freezing phenomena in molten metals. Trans. Faraday Soc. 56, 988 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. Lebowitz, J. L., and J. K. Percus: Asymptotic behaviour of the radial distribution function. J. Math. Phys. (N.Y.) 4, 248 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  203. van Leeuwen, J. M. J., J. Groeneveld, and J. de Boer: New method for the calculation of the pair correlation function. Physica 25, 792 (1959).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  204. Lemm, K.: Monatomic liquids as polyparacrystalline structures. Dissertation Berlin 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Ling, R. C.: X-ray scattering by liquid metal alloys (A kinetic approach). J. Chem. Phys. 25, 614 (1956).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  206. Mannchen, W.: Connection between supercooling and nucleation during solidification of pure metals. Z. Phys. Chem. 227, 296 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  207. -, and G. Hahn: Investigation of nucleation in molten antimony. Z. Elektrochem. 62, 926–935 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  208. -, and H. Puttrich: Influence of small impurities on the supercooling of molten antimony. Z. Phys. Chem. 220, 355 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  209. Mannchen, W., and G. Schuster: Supercooling behaviour of Bi and Pb. Z. Phys. Chem. 233, 296 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. Mason, G., and W. Clark: Fine structure in the radial distribution function from a random packing of spheres. Nature 211, 957 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  211. Mendel, H.: Experimental determination of order phenomena in liquids and amorphous solids. Acta Cryst. 15, 113 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  212. Mikolaj, P. G., and C. J. Pings: Direct experimental test of the PY and CHNC integral equations. Phys. Rev. Letters 15, 849 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  213. Moore, F. H.: Analytic constants for atomic scattering factors. Acta Cryst. 16, 1169 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Morrell, W. E., and J. H. Hildebrand: The distribution of molecules in a model liquid. J. Chem. Phys. 4, 224 (1936).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  215. Mott, B. W.: Liquid immiscibility in metal systems. Phil. Mag. 2, 259–283 (1957).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  216. -M. E. Downey, and P. A. Cumming: Compendium of references to studies of the properties of liquid metal binary systems which relate to their structure. Report AERE-Bib. 151, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  217. -, J. de Boer, E. N. C. Andrade, R. Eisenschitz, F. C. Frank, and N. N. Greenwood: Discussion on theories of liquids. Proc. Roy. Soc. 215, 1–65 (1952) (Theories of the liquid state, transport processes, viscosity, supercooling).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  218. Müller, H. K. F., and H. Hendus: Atomic distribution in molten antimony. Z. Naturforsch. 12A, 102–111 (1957).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  219. Neimarh, V. E.: Connection between the short-range order of atoms in liquid and the structure of the same element in solid state. p. 39 in [271].

    Google Scholar 

  220. Nikonova, V. V., and G. M. Bartenev: Some peculiarities of constitution diagrams of binary alloys of eutectic type in connection with the structure of liquid eutectica. Met. i Topl. No. 3, 131 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  221. Niwa, K., and M. Shimoji: Structure of liquid solutions, p. 2B in Nat. Phys. Lab. Symp. No. 9. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Ocken, H.: Application of computer methods to the analysis of X-ray scattering from liquid metals and alloys, Report TID 19548, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  223. -N. C. Halder, and C. N. J. Wagner: The temp. dependence of the structure of liquid In and Tl. To be published in Phys. Rev.

    Google Scholar 

  224. -, and C. N. J. Wagner: Temperature dependence of the structure of liquid indium. Phys. Rev. 149, 122–130 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  225. Oehme, H., and H. Richter: Measurement of coherent scattering of neutrons in molten Na, Cs and Bi at different temperatures. Naturwissenschaften 53, 16 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  226. Orton, B. R., B. A. Shaw, and G. J. Williams: An X-ray structure investigation of the liquids of Na, K, and Na-K alloys. Acta Met. 8, 177 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  227. -, and S. P. Smith: An X-ray diffraction investigation of liquid indium. Phil. Mag. 14, 873–877 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  228. Paalman, H. H., and C. J. Pings: Fourier analysis of X-ray diffraction data from liquids. Rev. Mod. Phys. 35, 389 (1963).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  229. Palevsky, H.: Inelastic neutron scattering by liquids, p. 201 in [148].

    Google Scholar 

  230. Paskin, A., and A. Rahman: The dynamic three-dimensional structure of liquid sodium. Acta Cryst. 21, Part 7, Suppl. A 237 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  231. Percus, J. K., and G. J. Yevick: Analysis of classical statistical mechanics by means of collective coordinates. Phys. Rev. 110, 1 (1958).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  232. Pfannenschmid, O.: Atomic distribution in liquid mercury, molten silver and gold. Z. Naturforsch. 15A, 603–612 (1960).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  233. -Determination of the atomic distribution in monatomic metal melts. Dissertation T.H. Stuttgart 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Phariseau, P., and J. M. Ziman: The theory of the electronic structure of liquid metals. Phil. Mag. 8, 1487 (1963).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  235. Philips, J. M., and L. H. Lund: Pair distribution for a cell-model liquid. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 21, 1485–1494 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  236. Plass, K. G.: Measurements by ultra sound in metals in molten state and during solidification. Acustica 13, 240 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  237. Predel, B.: On a post-melting effect in pure metals. Z. Metallk. 54, 206–212 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  238. Prins, J. A.: X-ray diffraction in liquid sulphur. Physika 20, 124 (1954).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  239. Prokhorenko, V. K.: On the structure of alkaline metals in a liquid state. Dokl. Akad. Nauk Bielorus. SSR 3 No. 5, 194–196 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  240. -, and I. Z. Fisher: Microstructure of single liquids. Zhur. Fiz. Khim. 33, 1852 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  241. Radchenko, I. V.: 45 years X-ray diffraction in liquids. Ukrain. Fiz. Zhur. 7, 820 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  242. -The structure of liquid metals. Usp. Fiz. Nauk LXI, 249–276 (1957); engl. translation: Report AEC-tr-3971, 287–332 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  243. Randall, J. T.: The diffraction of X-rays and electrons by amorphous solids, liquids and gases; 290 pages. London: Chapman & Hill 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Ree, T. S., T. Ree, and H. Eyring: Advances in the theory of liquids. Angew. Chemie 77, 993–1000 (1965).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  245. Regel, A. V.: Investigation of electronic conductivity of metals, alloys and intermetallic compounds in liquid state, p. 3 in [9].

    Google Scholar 

  246. Rice, S. A.: A brief review of some aspects of the molecular theory of liquids, p. 51 in [148].

    Google Scholar 

  247. Richter, H.: The complex structure of solid amorphous and of molten bismuth. Z. Physik 172, 530–535 (1963).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  248. -: Atomic distribution in solid amorphous materials and in monatomic metal melts. Fortschr. Physik 8, 493 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  249. -: The amorphous structure of metal oxides, metals and alloys (BiPb, BiSn, PbSn). Phys. Z. 44, 406 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  250. -, and G. Breitling: Structure of monatomic molten metals. Z. Naturforsch. 20 A, 1061 (1965).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  251. --: Structure of monatomic molten metals by X-ray-, electron-and neutron-diffraction. Fortschr. Physik 14, 71–140 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  252. --: Layer lattices in molten tin and silver as well as in solid amorphous selenium according to Fourier analysis. Z. Naturforsch. 21A, 1710 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  253. --, and F. Herre: Close packing of atoms and formation of layer lattice heaps in monatomic molten metals. Z. Naturforsch. 12a, 896 (1957).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  254. -, and D. Handtmann: Structure of molten tin at 250 ° C and 750 ° C according to different methods of evaluation. Z. Physik 181, 206–232 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  255. -, and F. Herre: Structure of solid amorphous and molten selenium between −180 ° C and 430 ° C. Z. Naturforsch. 13a, 874 (1958).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  256. -, and S. Steeb: Atomic distribution in solid amorphous materials with liquid structure and in monatomic molten metals. Z. Metallk. 50, 369 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  257. Ricker, T., and G. Schaumann: Thermoelectric properties of pure metals in the region of the melting point. Phys. Kond. Mat. 5, 31–38 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  258. Ringo, G. R.: Neutron diffraction and interferences. In: Handbuch der Physik, Vol. 32, pp. 558. (Editor S. Flügge). Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Rivlin, V. G., R. M. Waghome, and G. I. Williams: The structure of liquid mercury. Phil. Mag. 13, 1169 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  260. Rodriguez, S. E., and C. J. Pings: X-ray difiraction studies of stable and supercooled liquid gallium. J. Chem. Phys. 42, 2435 (1965).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  261. Romanova, A. V.: The structure of liquid indium according to X-ray data. Nauchn. Tr. Inst. Metallofiz. Akad. Nauk USSR No. 14, 133–138 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  262. -, and Y. M. Kuchak: X-ray study of molten intermetallic compounds of the In-Bi system. Fiz. Zhur. 9, 428 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  263. -, and A. S. Lashko: X-ray investigation of the structure of some liquid alloys of In with Pb and Sn. Nauchn. Rab. Inst. Metallofiz. Ukr. SSR 15, 87–99 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  264. Rossteutscher, W.: Diplom-Arbeit: Determination of atomic distribution in solid amorphous and in liquid Ga as well as in molten In by electron Diffraction. T.H. Stuttgart 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  265. Ruppersberg, H.: Comparison of atomic distribution curves of molten and solid copper. Mem. Sci. Rev. Met. LXI, No. 10, 709 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  266. -: Structure and atomic distribution curves of molten metals. Angew. Chem. 76, 895 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  267. -: Determination of atomic distribution curves of solid copper at high temperatures. Z. Physik 189, 292 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  268. -, and H. J. Seemann: Investigation of molten iron by X-ray diffraction. Z. Naturforsch. 21a, 820 (1966).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  269. --: The atomic distribution curves for solid and molten Al according to investigations in SAP. Z. Naturforsch. 20a, 104–109 (1965).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  270. Sagel, K.: Tables for X-ray structure analysis. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Samarin, A. M.: Structure and properties of liquid metals. AEC, tr. 4879, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Samoilov, O. Y.: The structure of certain liquids. I. On the result of studies of the structure of monatomic liquids. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 30, 241 (1956); or AEC-tr-4119.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Samoilov, O. Ya.: Investigation of the structure of liquid metals. Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Met. i Toplivo 3, 116–118 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  274. Sauerwald, F.: Classification of molten alloys. Z. Metallk. 38, 188 (1947); 35, 105 (1944); 41, 97, 214 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  275. -, P. Brand, and W. Menz: Classification of molten alloys. Z. Metallk. 57, 103 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  276. -, and E. Osswald: Investigation of molten metals and alloys by X-rays. Z. Anorg. Chem. 257, 195 (1948).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  277. Schachparonov, M. I.: On the molecular structure of liquid solutions and alloys, p. 103 in [9].

    Google Scholar 

  278. Scheil, E.: On the properties of molten metals. Forschungsbericht des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen Nr. 969 (1961); or Gießerei H. 19, 1007 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  279. Schlup, W. A.: A statistical evaluation of elastic scattering data with application to thermal neutron scattering in liquid argon. BNL 940 (C-45); 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Schneider, A., and G. Heymer: Phenomena accompanying solid-liquid transformations of metals and alloys. p. 4A in Nat. Phys. Lab. Symp. No. 9. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Schuhmann, H.: X-ray investigations of molten alloys in the systems K-Hg and Na-Hg. Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 317, 204 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  282. Scott, G. D.: Radial distribution of the random close packing of equal spheres. Nature 194, 956 (1962).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  283. -: Packing of equal spheres. Nature 188, 908 (1960).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  284. Sharrah, P. C., and R. F. Kruh: Structural studies of liquid metals by X-ray diffraction. In: G. R. St. Pierre, Met. Soc. Conf. Vol. 7. Phys. Chem. of Process Metallurgy, Part I, p. 419–420. New York, London: Interscience Pub. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  285. -, J. I. Petz, and R. F. Kruh: Determination of atomic distributions in liquid Pb-Bi alloys by neutron and X-ray diffraction. J. Chem. Phys. 32, 241 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  286. -, and G. P. Smith: Neutron diffraction and atomic distribution in liquid lead and liquid bismuth at two temperatures. J. Chem. Phys. 21, 228 (1953).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  287. Shimose, I.: Lattice theory of the liquid state. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 11, 615 (1956).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  288. Shvidkovskii, E. G., and N. K. Rakova: Crystallization of tin from a supercooled state. p. 64 in [271].

    Google Scholar 

  289. -Some questions concerning structure and properties of molten metals, p. 85 in [9].

    Google Scholar 

  290. -Certain problems related to the viscosity of fused metals, 1955 (translation: Report NASA-TT-F 88).

    Google Scholar 

  291. Sidhu, S. S., C. R. Heaton, and M. H. Müller: Neutron diffraction techniques and their applications to some problems in physics. J. Appl. Phys. 30, 1323 (1959).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  292. Singwi, K. S.: Coherent scattering of slow neutrons by a liquid. Phys. Rev. 136, A 969 (1964).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  293. Singwi, K. S.: Coherent scattering of slow neutrons by liquid argon. Physica 31, 1257 to 1285 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  294. Siol, M.: On the theory of molten state. Z. Physik 164, 93 (1961).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  295. Skinner, H. W. B.: X-ray investigation of liquid Pb-Sn. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 239, 95–135 (1940).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  296. Skryschevskii, A. F.: On the interpretation of the structure of monatomic liquids. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 7, 826 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  297. -: X-ray investigation of short range order in certain liquid alloys. Nauk Rabot. Inst. Metallofiz. Akad. Nauk No. 8, 187–198 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  298. -Short range order structure in liquid metals and alloys. Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Met. i Toplivo (6), 72–76 (1960); (see also p. 45 ref. [271]).

    Google Scholar 

  299. -: On the structure of molten Au-Sn compounds. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 2, 364 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  300. -, J. Karlokov, and G. Karlikova: X-ray investigation of the structure of liquid mercury. Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 2, 49 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  301. Smallman, R. E., and B. R. T. Frost: An X-ray investigation of the structure of liquid mercury and liquid mercury-thallium alloys. Acta Met. 4, 611 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  302. Snider, N. S.: Hard core model of liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 45, 378 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  303. Spektor, E. Z., and S. F. Khoklov: Notes on the interpretation of intensity curves of X-rays diffracted by liquids such as molten tin. Fiz. Metal. i Metalloved. 18, 451 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  304. Steeb, S.: Structure of metallic melts. Z. Metallkde 57, 97–103 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  305. -: On the atomic distribution in melts. Z. Metallkde 52, 422–425 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  306. -Atomic distribution in solid amorphous materials and in monatomic metal melts evaluated by electron diffraction. Dissertation T.H. Stuttgart 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  307. -, and H. Entress: Atomic distribution and specific electrical resistivity of molten magnesium-tin alloys. Z. Metallkde 57, 803–807 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  308. -, and R. Hezel: On the interpretation of X-ray diffraction diagrams of multicomponent systems. Z. Physik 191, 398 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  309. --: X-ray investigation of molten Ag-Mg alloys. Z. Metallkde 57, 374 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  310. -, and S. Woerner: Atomic distribution and physical properties of molten Al-Mg alloys. Z. Metallkde 56, 771 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  311. Takagi, M.: Electron diffraction study of liquid solid transition of thin metal films. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 9, 359 (1954).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  312. -: Electron diffraction study of the structure of supercooled liquid bismuth. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 11, 396–404 (1956).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  313. Tatarinova, L. I.: Investigation of molten antimony by X-ray diffraction. Kristallografya 11, 104 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  314. Taylor, A.: X-ray metallography. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Temperley, H. N. V.: Liquid state physics. Nature 211, 906 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  316. Thomas, C. D., and N. S. Gingrich: The effect of temperature on the atomic distribution in liquid potassium. J. Chem. Phys. 6, 411, 659 (1938).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  317. Throop, G. J., and R. J. Bearman: Radial distribution functions for binary fluid mixtures of Lennard-Jones molecules calculated from the Percus-Yevick equation. J. Chem. Phys. 44, 1423–1444 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  318. Toye, T. C.: Thin metal films and the theory of liquid metals. Metallurgia p. 67 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  319. Trimble, F. H., and N. S. Gingrich: The effect of the temperature on the atomic distribution in liquid sodium. Phys. Rev. 53, 278 (1938).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  320. Turnbull, D.: Free volume model of the liquid state, p. 6 in [148].

    Google Scholar 

  321. Ubbelohde, A. R.: Melting and crystal structure. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  322. -: Melting and crystal structure. Angew. Chem. 77, 614 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  323. Urbain, G.: Viscosity and density measurements on molten metals. P. 1F in Nat. Phys. Lab. Syrap. No. 9. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Vainshtein, B. K.: Structure analysis by electron diffraction. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Vineyard, G. H.: The theory and structure of liquids, p. 1 in Liquid Metals and Solidification, ASM 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  326. -Liquids, BNL 940 (C-45) 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  327. -: Scattering of slow neutrons by a liquid. Phys. Rev. 110, 999 (1958).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  328. Vlasov, V. M., A. A. Vertman, and E. G. Schwidkovskii: On the results of the discussion on the structure and properties of liquid metals. Izv. Akad. Nauk USSR, Met. i Toplivo No. 3, 104 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  329. Voigtländer-Tetzner, G.: Structure of liquid mercury. Naturwissenschaften 48, 520 (1961).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  330. Wagner, C. N. J., H. Ocken, and M. L. Joshi: Interference and radial distribution functions of liquid copper, silver, tin and mercury. Z. Naturforsch. 20a, 325 (1965).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  331. Wall, C. N.: An atomic distribution function for liquid sodium. Phys. Rev. 54, 1026 (1938).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  332. Warren, B. E.: X-ray studies of the randomness in the Cu-Au-system. Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 233, 1802 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  333. -, and N. S. Gingrich: Fourier integral analysis of X-ray powder patterns. Phys. Rev. 46, 368 (1934).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  334. -, H. Krutter, and O. Morningstar: Fourier analysis of X-ray patterns of vitreous SiO2 and B2O4. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 19, 202 (1936).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  335. Waser, J., and V. Schomaker: The fourier inversion of diffraction data. Rev. Mod. Phys. 25, 671 (1953).

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  336. Wertheim, M. S.: New model for classical fluids. J. Chem. Phys. 43, 1370 (1965).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  337. Wilson, J. R.: The structure of liquid metals and alloys. Metallurgical Rev. 10, 381–590 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  338. Woerner, S., S. Steeb, and R. Hezel: Atomic distribution in molten magnesium. Z. Metallkde 56, 682 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  339. Wood, W. W., and F. R. Parker: Monte Carlo equation of state of molecules interacting with the Lennard-Jones potential. I. A supercritical isotherm at about twice the critical temperature. J. Chem. Phys. 27, 720 (1957).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  340. Zadumkin, S. N.: Surface tension and structure of metallic melts, p. 30 in [271].

    Google Scholar 

  341. Zarzycki, J.: Arrangement for the study of molten salts at high temperatures by X-rays. J. Phys. Radium, Phys. Appl. 17, 44A (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  342. Zernike, F., and J. A. Prins: The diffraction of X-rays in liquids as an effect of molecular arrangement. Z. Physik 41, 184 (1927).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Metal Research, Institute for Refractory Metals, Seestraße 92, 7000, Stuttgart 1, Germany

    Dr. Siegfried Steeb

Authors
  1. Dr. Siegfried Steeb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Theoretische Kernphysik der Universität, Kaiserstraße 12, 75 Karlsruhe, Germany

    G. Höhler

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1968 Springer-Verlag

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Steeb, S. (1968). Evaluation of atomic distribution in liquid metals and alloys by means of X-Ray-, neutron-, and electron-diffraction. In: Höhler, G. (eds) Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Volume 47. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, vol 47. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0045574

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0045574

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-04341-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-35938-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation