Abstract
We live in a world characterized by evolution—that is, by ongoing processes of development, formation, and growth in both natural and human-created systems. Biology tells us that complex, natural systems are not created all at once but must instead evolve over time. We are becoming increasingly aware that evolutionary processes are ubiquitous and critical for social, educational, and technological innovations as well.
The driving forces behind the evolution of these systems is their use by communities of practice in solving real-world problems as well as the changing nature of the world, specifically as it relates to technology. The seeding, evolutionary growth, and reseeding model is a process description of how this happens. By integrating working and learning in communities of practice, we have created organizational memories that include mechanisms to capture and represent task specifications, work artifacts, and group communications. These memories facilitate organizational learning by supporting the evolution, reorganization, and sustainability of information repositories and by providing mechanisms for access to and delivery of knowledge relevant to current tasks.
Our research focuses specifically on the following claims about design environments embedded within dynamic human organizations: (1) they must evolve because they cannot be completely designed prior to use; (2) they must evolve to some extent at the hands of the users; (3) they must be designed for evolution; and (4) to support this approach with World-Wide Web technology, the Web has to be more than a broadcast medium; it has to support collaborative design.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, C.; Ishikawa, S.; Silverstein, M.; Jacobson, M.; Fiksdahl-King, I.; Angel, S., A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction; Oxford University Press: New York, 1977.
Alexander, C.; Silverstein, M.; Angel, S.; Ishikawa, S.; Abrams, D., The Oregon Experiment; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, 1975.
Ambach, J.; Fischer, G.; Ostwald, J.; Repenning, A., Making the World Wide Web A Medium for Collaborative, Evolutionary Design, At http://www.cs.colorado.edu/ℴstwald/papers/WWW97/PAPER200.html, 1997.
Arias, E. G.; Fischer, G.; Eden, H., Enhancing Communication, Facilitating Shared Understanding, and Creating Better Artifacts by Integrating Physical and Computational Media for Design, In Proceedings of Designing Interactive Systems (DIS 97); Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1997; pp. 1–12.
Basalla, G., The Evolution of Technology; Cambridge University Press: New York, 1988.
Brand, S., How Buildings Learn—What Happens After They're Built; Penguin Books: New York, 1995.
Brooks, F. P., Jr., No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering, In IEEE Computer 1987, 20, pp. 10–19.
Computer Science and Technology Board, Scaling Up: A Research Agenda for Software Engineering, In Communications of the ACM 1990, 33, pp. 281–293.
Cross, N., Developments in Design Methodology; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1984.
Curtis, B.; Krasner, H.; Iscoe, N., A Field Study of the Software Design Process for Large Systems, In Communications of the ACM 1988, 31, pp. 1268–1287.
Dawkins, R., The Blind Watchmaker; W.W. Norton and Company: New York — London, 1987.
Elm, P., Work-Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts; Almquist & Wiksell International: Stockholm, Sweden, 1988.
Eisenberg, M.; Fischer, G., Programmable Design Environments: Integrating End-User Programming with Domain-Oriented Assistance, In Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'94; Boston, MA, 1994; pp. 431–437.
Fischer, G., Domain-Oriented Design Environments, In Automated Software Engineering 1994, 1, pp. 177–203.
Fischer, G., Putting the Owners of Problems in Charge with Domain-Oriented Design Environments In User-Centred Requirements for Software Engineering Environments; R. W. D. Gilmore, F. Detienne, Ed.; Springer Verlag: Heidelberg, 1994; pp. 297–306.
Fischer, G., Turning Breakdowns into Opportunities for Creativity, In Knowledge-Based Systems, Special Issue on Creativity and Cognition 1995
Fischer, G.; Girgensohn, A., End-User Modifiability in Design Environments, In Human Factors in Computing Systems, (CHI'90); Seattle, WA, 1990; pp. 183–191.
Fischer, G.; Lemke, A. C.; McCall, R.; Morch, A., Making Argumentation Serve Design In Design Rationale: Concepts, Techniques, and Use; T. Moran and J. Carrol, Ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates: Mahwah, NJ, 1996; pp. 267–293.
Fischer, G.; Lindstaedt, S.; Ostwald, J.; Schneider, K.; Smith, J., Informing System Design Through Organizational Learning, In International Conference on Learning Sciences (ICLS'96); Chicago, IL, 1996; pp. 52–59.
Fischer, G.; McCall, R.; Ostwald, J.; Reeves, B.; Shipman, F., Seeding, Evolutionary Growth and Reseeding: Supporting Incremental Development of Design Environments, In Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'94); Boston, MA, 1994; pp. 292–298.
Gamma, E.; Johnson, R.; Helm, R.; Vlissides, J., Design Patterns — Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Systems; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1994.
Girgensohn, A.; Redmiles, D.; Shipman, F., Agent-Based Support for Communication between Developers and Users in Software Design In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Knowledge-Based Software Engineering (KBSE-94) Conference (Monterey, CA); IEEE Computer Society Press: Los Alamitos, CA, 1994; pp. 22–29.
Greenbaum, J.; Kyng, M., Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.: Hillsdale, NJ, 1991.
Grudin, J., “Seven plus one Challenges for Groupware Developers,” 1991.
Henderson, A.; Kyng, M., There's No Place Like Home: Continuing Design in Use In Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems; J. Greenbaum and M. Kyng, Ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.: Hillsdale, NJ, 1991; pp. 219–240.
Kuhn, T. S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions; The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1970.
Landauer, T. K.; Dumais, S. T., A Solution to Plato's Problem: The Latent Semantic Analysis Theory of Acquisition, Induction, and Representation of Knowledge, In Psychological Review 1997, 104, pp. 211–240.
Laszlo, E., Evolution: The Grand Synthesis; Shambhala Publications, Inc.: 1987.
Lee, L., The Day The Phones Stopped; Donald I. Fine, Inc.: New York, 1992.
Lewis, T., Object-Oriented Application Frameworks; Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995, 344 pages.
MacLean, A.; Carter, K.; Lovstrand, L.; Moran, T., User-Tailorable Systems: Pressing the Issues with Buttons In Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'90 Conference Proceedings (Seattle, WA) New York, 1990; pp. 175–182.
Moran, T. P.; Carroll, J. M., Design Rationale: Concepts, Techniques, and Use; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.: Hillsdale, NJ, 1996.
Nardi, B.; Zarmer, C., Beyond Models and Metaphors: Visual Formalisms in User Interface Design, In Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 1993, pp. 5–33.
Norman, D. A., Turn Signals are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company: Reading, MA, 1993.
Polanyi, M., The Tacit Dimension; Doubleday: Garden City, NY, 1966.
Popper, K. R., Conjectures and Refutations, Harper & Row: New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London, 1965.
Raymond, E. S., The Cathedral and the Bazaar, At http://earthspace.net/∈sr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar.html, 1998.
Redmiles, D. F., “From Programming Tasks to Solutions—Bridging the Gap Through the Explanation of Examples,” 1992.
Repenning, A.; Ambach, J., The Agent sheets Behavior Exchange: Supporting Social Behavior Processing, In Computer-Human Interaction (CHI 97); Atlanta, GA, 1997; pp. 26–27 (Extended Abstracts).
Repenning, A.; Ioannidou, A., Behavior Processors: Layers between End-Users and Java Virtual Machines, In Visual Languages; Capri, Italy, 1997; pp. 402–409.
Resnick, M., Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1994.
Rich, C. H.; Waters, R. C., Automatic Programming: Myths and Prospects In Computer, The Computer Society: Los Alamitos, CA, 1988; Vol. 21; pp. 40–51.
Rittel, H., Second-Generation Design Methods In Developments in Design Methodology; N. Cross, Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1984; pp. 317–327.
Schón, D. A., The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action; Basic Books: New York, 1983.
Simon, H. A., The Sciences of the Artificial; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1996.
Stahl, G., Interpretation in Design: The Problem of Tacit and Explicit Understanding in Computer Support of Cooperative Design, Ph.D. dissertation. UMI#9423544, Department of Computer Science. University of Colorado at Boulder. Technical Report CU-CS-688-93, 1993.
Swartout, W. R.; Balzer, R., On the Inevitable Intertwining of Specification and Implementation In Communications of the ACM, 1982; Vol. 25; pp. 438–439.
Terveen, L. G.; Selfridge, P. G.; Long, D. M., Living Design Memory: Framework, Implementation, Lessons Learned, In Human-Computer Interaction 1995, 10, pp. 1–37.
Winograd, T., From Programming Environments to Environments for Designing, In Communications of the ACM 1995, 38, pp. 65–74.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fischer, G. (1998). Complex systems: Why do they need to evolve and how can evolution be supported. In: Smith, I. (eds) Artificial Intelligence in Structural Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1454. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0030446
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0030446
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-64806-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68593-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive