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Cellulose derivatives

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Biopolymers I

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 107))

Abstract

The fundamental and derived properties of cellulose derivatives are presented concomitantly with applications in various life sciences (pharmaceutics, cosmetics, food, packaging). Emphasis is placed on drug delivery systems. Because most applications are related to the solubility of the materials, the subject is reviewed with regard to this parameter: 1) derivatives soluble in water (swelling, thermal gelation, cloud point, liquid crystal formation, bioadhesion); 2) derivatives soluble in organic solvents (manufacture of aqueous nanodispersions, permeation properties, solute osomotic delivery, dissolution-controlled drug delivery, phase separation); 3) derivatives soluble in nonacidic media and organic solvents (enteric coatings and pH-sensitive gels); 4) derivatives insoluble in water and organic solvents (low-substituted and crosslinked tablet disintegrating agents, crosslinked water absorbents).

The data are presented on a comparative basis in order to emphasize the differences between similar derivatives.

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Abbreviations

A:

surface area

BP:

British Pharmacopoeia

c*, c0 :

concentrations

c*:

polymer volume fraction

C* :

dimensionless concentration at the polymer-gel interface

cs :

solute solubility

CA:

Codex Alimentarius

CTFA:

The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Inc.

CP, CP0 :

cloud points

D:

diffusion coefficient

Ds :

diffusion coefficient of the solvent

Deff :

effective diffusion coefficient

Diw :

diffusion coefficient in water

(DEB)D :

diffusional Deborah number

DM:

dilatometry

DMA:

dynamic mechanical analysis

DR:

degree of reaction

DS:

degree of substitution

DSC:

differential scanning calorimetry

DTA:

differential thermal analysis

E:

elasticity modulus

EP:

European Pharmacopoeia

g1, g2 :

surface energy ratios

H:

hysteresis of the polymer-water free energy of adhesion

IGT:

incipient gelation temperature

IPT:

incipient precipitation temperature

k:

kinetic constant

kd :

dissolution rate constant

ks :

softening point depression coefficient

K∞ :

infinite dilution partition coefficient

KCP :

salting out constant

L, L0 :

lengths, thicknesses

LCST:

lower critical solution temperature

Lp :

mechanical water permeability

m:

molar concentration

M:

molar mass

\(\bar M_c\) :

number-average molar mass per crosslinked unit

\(\bar M_n\) :

number-average molar mass

\(\bar M_w\) :

mass-average molar mass

\(\bar M_w /\bar M_n\) :

polydispersity index

Mt :

mass of species dissolved or released at time t

\(\bar M_v\) :

viscosity-average molar mass

MC:

moisture content

MS:

molar substitution

n:

kinetic exponent

N:

mole fraction

NF:

National Formulary

P:

hydrostatic pressure

PC:

permeability coefficient

Qmax :

maximum swelling coefficient

r0 :

radius of the unswollen polymer particle

S:

solubility coefficient

SI:

substitution index

t, ts, tmax :

times

T:

temperature

Tg :

glass transition temperature

Ts :

softening temperature

TBA:

torsional braid analysis

TMA:

thermomechanical analysis

TSDCT:

thermally stimulated depolarization current technique

USP:

United States Pharmacopeia

\(\bar v\) :

specific volume of polymer

V:

molar volume

w, w*0 :

weight fraction

Wa :

work of adhesion

Wc :

work of cohesion

WR :

reduced coefficient of spreading

Ws :

work or coefficient of spreading

WVTR:

water vapor transmission rate

x* :

position of the polymer-gel interface

xd :

fractional non-polarity (dispersion)

xp :

fractional polarity

X:

crosslinking ratio

x2, x3 :

normalized volume corrections

α1 :

linear expansion coefficient

β:

contribution of the penetrant to the expansion coefficient

γ:

surface tension, surface free energy, interfacial tension

δ:

solubility parameter

ε:

diffusivity ratio

η:

viscosity

ηsp :

specific viscosity

θ:

contact angle

θa :

advancing contact angle

θD :

characteristic diffusion time

θr :

receding contact angle

λm :

characteristic relaxation time

ζ* :

dimensionless position of polymer-gel interface

π:

osmotic pressure

ρ:

density

ρx :

crosslinking density

σ:

reflexion coefficient

σmax :

maximum strength

σ0 :

adhesive strength extrapolated to zero film thickness

τ:

dimensionless time

φ2∞ :

solubility of water in polymer particles

Φ:

interaction parameter according to Girifalco and Good [67]

χ:

Flory-Huggins interaction parameter

χc :

critical interaction parameter

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  1. School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland

    E. Doelker

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Robert S. Langer Nicholas A. Peppas

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Doelker, E. (1993). Cellulose derivatives. In: Langer, R.S., Peppas, N.A. (eds) Biopolymers I. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 107. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0027554

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