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Crazing in Polymers Vol. 2 pp 215–261Cite as

Optical interferometry: Running crack-tip morphologies and craze material properties

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Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 91/92))

Abstract

Crazing is one of the most common fracture precursors in glassy polymers. The structure and properties of crazes are of major interest for polymer fracture. There now exist several powerful experimental techniques such as small angle X-ray scattering or electron microscopy to measure the properties of crazes in polymers, either in the case of isolated crazes or in that of crazes at a moving crack-tip. The previous chapter in this book gave an overview of the fundamentals of another experimental technique, namely optical interferometry, applied to the visualization of crazes. This technique is particularly suitable in some experimental conditions, for example, propagating single crazes. In this chapter, dealing only with optical interferometry, the material aspects of crazing at running crack-tips will be studied in a large variety of experimental propagation conditions, several materials, some loading conditions, emphasizing time-temperature effects and environmental effects. Quantitative and numerical analysis of the craze interference patterns are used to gain information on the inner craze structure and the properties of craze fibrils.

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Abbreviations

a:

Crack length

C:

Concentration (gas or liquid in polymers)

C0 :

equilibrium concentration

D″:

Mechanical dynamical loss factor

D:

Diffusion coefficient of a gas in polymers

da/dN:

Growth rate in a cyclic loading case

d0 :

Distance between particles in rubber toughened polymers

E:

Tensile modulus

E*:

Plain strain tensile modulus

H:

Enthalpy

K1 min :

Min value of K1 in a cyclic loading

K1 max :

Max value of K1 in a cyclic loading

δK1 :

K1 max − K1 min

K1 :

Stress intensity factor

K1(Vc):

Stress intensity factor for a crack propagating at velocity Vc

LAED:

Low Angle Electron Diffraction

N:

Number of cycles in a cyclic loading case

N0 :

Craze fibrils' life-time in cycles

n:

optical index

PMMA:

Polymethylmethacrylate

PVC:

Polyvinylchloride

PC:

Polycarbonate

PS:

Polystyrene

R:

K1 max/K1 min

R0 :

Craze fibril's radius

S:

Craze length

Sc :

Craze structural parameter

S(x):

Craze surface stress distribution

Sr(x):

Reduced craze surface stress distribution

SEM:

Scanning Electron Microscopy

TEM:

Transmission Electron Microscopy

T:

Temperature

Tc :

Critical temperature for craze bundling

Tg :

Glass transition temperature

Tβ :

Secondary transition temperature

T(x):

Geometrical craze thickness profile

T0(x):

Optical craze thickness profile

Tmax :

Craze thickness at crack tip

t:

Time

V*:

Activation volume

Ve :

Fibril extraction velocity

Vc :

Crack speed (da/dt)

vf :

Craze fibril volume fraction

α:

Primary relaxation process

β:

Secondary relaxation process

ε:

Strain

δT:

Temperature variation

τ0, τ:

Craze fibril life-time

σ:

Stress

σc :

Mean craze surface stress (S(x) constant)

σd :

Mean craze surface stress from Dugdale model (particular value of σc)

σr :

Mean reduced craze surface stress (Sr(x) constant)

1/σt :

normalized activation volume for τ0

1/σve :

normalized activation volume for Ve

1/σv :

normalized activation volume for Vc

Ω:

Frequency

π:

3.1416

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  1. I.C.S. 4, rue Boussingault, F-67000, Strasbourg

    R. Schirrer

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H. -H. Kausch

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© 1990 Springer-Verlag

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Schirrer, R. (1990). Optical interferometry: Running crack-tip morphologies and craze material properties. In: Kausch, H.H. (eds) Crazing in Polymers Vol. 2. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 91/92. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0018022

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0018022

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51306-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-46192-0

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