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Bioprocesses and Engineering pp 93–136Cite as

The use of calorimetry in biotechnology

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Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 40))

Abstract

After a short review of the development of biological calorimetry and a discussion of the instrumentation and the measuring principles that have been applied to study heat generation by microbial cultures and other cellular systems, this article demonstrates how heat evolution depends on growth, biomass yield, maintenance metabolism, nature of substrate, energetic efficiency of growth, oxygen uptake, and product formation. Theoretical considerations are used together with experimental evidence to explain the nature of these relationships and the underlying reasons. The possibilities of exploiting these relationships in order to gain information on any of the above factors by applying calorimetric measurements to biotechnology have been emphasized and developed throughout this paper.

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Abbreviations

A:

heat transfer area (Eq. (4)) (m2)

Ai :

ash fraction of compound i

Aj :

ash fraction of compound j

C:

carbon

D:

dilution rate (h−1)

ER:

energy recovery (Eq. (53))

H:

hydrogen (1)

δH′i :

molar or C-molar heat of combustion of compound i, kJ mol−1 or kJ C-mol−1

δH *i :

heat of combustion of compound i assuming nitrogen is released as NH3 (Eq. (23)), kJ C-mol−1

k:

correction factor for adiabatic calorimetry (Eq. (1)) ideally equal to heat capacity of vessel and contents (J K−1) (Eq. (1))

Kp :

total heat capacity of system (J K−1) (Eq. (2))

mQ :

heat evolved due to maintenance (W g−1) (Eq. (44))

M′i :

formula mass of one C-mol of compound i

M′j :

formula mass of one C-mol of compound j

N:

nitrogen (3)

O:

oxygen (2)

OUR:

oxygen uptake rate (mol L−1 h−1)

P1, P2, P3 :

moles of element H, O, and N per C-mol product (mol C-mol−1)

q:

heat evolution rate (W L−1)

qA :

heat generated through agitation (W)

qC :

cooling power (Eq. (3)) (W)

qF :

heat transferred to cooling system (Eq. (4)) (W)

qG :

heat lost to gas-stream (W)

qH :

heat released by electrical heater (Eq. (3)) (W)

qL :

heat losses from the system (W)

qR :

heat generated by the reaction (W)

Q:

heat liberated (Eq. (1)) (kJ)

Q0 :

Heat evolved per equivalent of electrons transferred to oxygen (given by Eq. (19)) (kJ C-mol−1 eq−1 electrons)

r′i :

conversion rate of compound i (C-mol s−1 L−1)

r′j :

conversion rate of compound j (C-mol s−1 L−1)

S1, S2, S3 :

moles of element H, O, and N per C-mol substrate S (mol C-mol−1)

TJ :

temperature of jacket oil (Eq. (4)) (K)

TR :

temperature of reactor contents (Eq. (4)) (K)

U:

global heat transfer coefficient (Eq. (4)) (Wm−2 K−1)

V:

potential difference (volts)

W:

water

X1, X2, X3 :

moles of element H, O or N per C-mol biomass X (mol C-mol−1)

Y j/maxi :

maximum yield coefficient of i with respect to j for mQ=O (Eq. (44)), (g g−1)

Y j/mini :

minimum yield coefficient of i with respect to j (Eq. (45)) (g g−1)

YkJ :

specific heat yield coefficient (kJ g−1 cell dry weight)

YQ/i :

heat yield coefficient with respect to compound i (kJ g−1)

YQ/X :

heat yield coefficient with respect to biomass (kJ g−1)

Y′C/S :

CO2 yield coefficient (mol C-mol−1)

Y′N/S :

Nitrogen yield coefficient (mol C-mol−1)

Y′O/S :

Oxygen yield coefficient (mol C-mol−1)

Y′P/S :

Product yield coefficient (mol C-mol−1)

Y′Q/C :

heat yield coefficient with respect to CO2 (kJ C-mol−1)

Y′Q/O :

heat yield coefficient with respect to oxygen (kJ mol−1)

Y′Q/S :

heat yield coefficient with respect to substrate (kJ C-mol−1)

Y′X/S :

Biomass yield coefficient (mol C-mol−1)

Y′W/S :

H2O yield coefficient (mol C-mol−1)

(Y′i/j)F :

yield coefficient of component i with respect to j for purely anaerobic growth (Eq. (32)) (mol C-mol−1)

(Y′ ji )R :

yield coefficient of component i with respect to j for pure respiratory growth (Eq. (31)) (mol C-mol−1)

δs, δx, δp :

degree of hydrogenation of substrate, biomass and product, respectively

γ cs :

constant = 4.67 (Eq. (47))

γi/0 :

reductance degree of compound i with respect to N2

γs, γx, γp :

reductance degree of substrate, biomass and product respectively defined with respect to NH3

ηH :

enthalpy efficiency of growth (Eq. (51))

Μ:

specific growth rate (h−1)

Ω:

‘degree of aerobicity’ of culture (Eq. (33)) i.e., the relative fraction of aerobic to anaerotic metabolism. Ω=1 for purely aerobic growth, Ω=0 for purely anaerobic growth

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Urs von Stockar & Ian W. Marison

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  1. Urs von Stockar
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© 1989 Springer-Verlag

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von Stockar, U., Marison, I.W. (1989). The use of calorimetry in biotechnology. In: Bioprocesses and Engineering. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 40. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0009829

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0009829

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51446-6

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