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Ultrafiltration for the separation of biocatalysts

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Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology ((ABE,volume 26))

Abstract

The application of ultrafiltration in biotechnology is reviewed emphasizing the separation of catalytically active species. Ultrafiltration as a separation process as well as its application to membrane reactors is analyzed. On the basis of an application-oriented theory of ultrafiltration, the essential aspects for process design are described. A survey of applications is given.

Ultrafiltration has proved to be a very versatile separation process for biocatalysts owing to the possibility of independently adjusting the temperature, the avoidance of phase transition and the low energy requirement. It will be shown that ultrafiltration devices, suitable for the isolation of biocatalysts, can also be applied efficiently for their re-use in catalytic processes. The main advantages of employing biocatalysts in ultrafiltration membrane reactors are that continuous operation is possible in homogeneous phase and that immobilization know-how is not required.

Future trends can be predicted with respect to the development of sterilisable membranes with improved narrow pore size distribution and with surfaces that will not affect fragile biocatalysts. Continuous coenzyme regeneration in membrane reactors and biomass recycling in continuous fermentation processes, in order to uncouple the retention time of the catalyst from the hydraulic retention time will result in increased application.

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Abbreviations

a m2 m−3 :

volume specific area

A m2 :

area

c mol m−3 :

concentration

D m2 s−1 :

diffusion coefficient

d m:

diameter

E kg m−3 :

enzyme concentration

Ea J mol−1 :

energy of activation

f:

ratio

J m s−1 :

flux (area specific volumetric flow rate)

Ji mol m−2 s−1 :

molar flux of substance i

k2 mol kg−1 s−1 :

reaction rate constant

kd m s−1 :

mass-transfer coefficient

kde s−1 :

deactivation rate constant

Kic mol m−3 :

constant for competitive product inhibition

Km mol m−3 :

Michaelis-Menten constant

l m:

length

m kg:

mass

M kg kmol−1 :

molar mass

n:

number of stage(s)

p Pa=N m−2 :

pressure

r m:

radius

rm mol kg−1 s−1 :

catalyst mass specific reaction rate

¯rm mol kg−1 s−1 :

catalyst mass specific productivity

rv mol m−3 s−1 :

reactor volume specific reaction rate

R:

apparent retention

Rm :

intrinsic retention

S mol m−3 :

substrate concentration

t s:

time

¯t s:

mean residence time

u m s−1 :

linear velocity

V m3 :

volume

V m3 s−1 :

volumetric flow rate

W Pa s m−1 :

hydraulic resistance

X:

substrate conversion

x m:

local coordinate

γ s−1 :

shear rate (absolute value)

δ m:

laminar boundary layer thickness

ε:

porosity

η Pa s:

dynamic viscosity

ν m2 s−1 :

kinematic viscosity

π Pa:

osmotic pressure

ϱ kg m−3 :

density

σ 2p m2 :

variance of pore diameter

σ 2i m2 :

variance of particle diameter

τ Pa:

shear stress

τm kg s m−3 :

catalyst mass referred space time

θ:

dimensionless time (t/¯t)

b:

bulk phase

c:

convective

d:

diffusive — (excl. kd)

e:

end-, final

E:

enzyme

f:

filtrate

g:

gel

h:

hydraulic

i:

referred to species i

m:

membrane- (excl. τm rm, Km)

n:

referred to stage n, number of stages

o:

initial-, feed

p:

pore

P:

productivity referred

r:

radial

R:

reactor

s:

saturation

S:

separation unit

t:

tube

V:

volume

w:

water (eluant)

max:

maximum

opt:

optimum

rec:

recycle

Σ:

total

ADH:

alcohol dehydrogenase

A(D)TP:

adenosine (di)triphosphate

AlaDH:

alanine dehydrogenase

CMR:

cascade of completely equipped UFMR

CRMR:

cascade recycle membrane reactor

CSTR:

continuous stirred tank reactor (ideal)

FDH:

formate dehydrogenase

LDH:

lactate dehydrogenase

LeuDH:

leucine dehydrogenase

MR:

membrane reactor (general)

PEG:

polyethylene glycol

PFTR:

plug flow tubular reactor

PVA:

polyvinyl alcohol

PWTR:

porous wall tubular reactor

SBR:

stirred batch reactor

TRMR:

tubular recycle membrane reactor

UFMR:

continuously operated single stage ultrafiltration membrane reactorx

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Génie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Ecublens, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Erwin Flaschel

  2. Institut für Biotechnologie, Kernforschungsanlage Jülich, D-5170, Jülich, Germany

    Christian Wandrey

  3. Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, D-3300, Braunschweig-Stöckheim, Germany

    Maria-Regina Kula

Authors
  1. Erwin Flaschel
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  2. Christian Wandrey
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  3. Maria-Regina Kula
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© 1983 Springer-Verlag

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Flaschel, E., Wandrey, C., Kula, MR. (1983). Ultrafiltration for the separation of biocatalysts. In: Downstream Processing. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 26. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0001861

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0001861

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-12096-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-39537-9

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