Abstract
O and N adsorbates create commonly four DOS features in the valence band, corresponding to the host antibonding dipoles (>Ef), adsorbate non-bonding lone pairs (<Ef), electron holes of host (Ef), and the adsorbate–host bonding states. Electron holes and lone pair states may overlap and cancel each other. Dipole formation lowers the work function of the surfaces. Overdosing of adsorbates restores the work function as the dipoles serve as donor for further bond formation, which provide mechanism for surface antioxidation. Electronegativity, lattice size, dosage, and temperature are factors controlling bond and band formation and relaxation dynamics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Y. Kuk, P.J. Silverman, Scanning tunneling microscope instrumentation. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60(2), 165–180 (1989)
J.B. Pendry, A.B. Pretre, B.C.H. Krutzen, Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 3(24), 4313–4321 (1991)
J. Wintterlin, R.J. Behm, in The Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy I, ed. by H.J. GĂĽnthert, R. Wiesendanger (Springer, Berlin, 1992)
F.M. Chua, Y. Kuk, P.J. Silverman, Oxygen-chemisorption on cu(110): an atomic view by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 63(4), 386–389 (1989)
C. Surgers, M. Schock, H. von Lohneysen, Oxygen-induced surface structure of Nb(110). Surf. Sci. 471(1–3), 209–218 (2001)
W. Jacob, V. Dose, A. Goldmann, Atomic adsorption of oxygen on Cu(111) and Cu(110). Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process. 41(2), 145–150 (1986)
W. Sesselmann, H. Conrad, G. Ertl, J. Kuppers, B. Woratschek, Probing the local density of states of metal-surfaces by deexcitation of metastable noble-gas atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 50(6), 446–450 (1983)
R.A. Didio, D.M. Zehner, E.W. Plummer, An angle-resolved ups study of the oxygen-induced reconstruction of Cu(110). J. Vac. Sci. Technol. Vac. Surf. Films 2(2), 852–855 (1984)
V.P. Belash, I.N. Klimova, V.I. Kormilets, V.Y. Trubitsin, L.D. Finkelstein, Transformation of the electronic structure of Cu into Cu2O in the adsorption of oxygen. Surf. Rev. Lett. 6(3–4), 383–388 (1999)
R. Courths, B. Cord, H. Wern, H. Saalfeld, S. Hufner, Dispersion of the oxygen-induced bands on Cu (110): an angle-resolved UPS study of the system p(2 × 1)O/Cu(110). Solid State Commun. 63(7), 619–623 (1987)
C.Q. Sun, S. Li, Oxygen-derived DOS features in the valence band of metals. Surf. Rev. Lett. 7(3), 213–217 (2000)
G. Binnig, K.H. Frank, H. Fuchs, N. Garcia, B. Reihl, H. Rohrer, F. Salvan, A.R. Williams, Tunneling spectroscopy and inverse photoemission: image and field states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55(9), 991–994 (1985)
T. Jung, Y.W. Mo, F.J. Himpsel, Identification of metals in scanning-tunneling-microscopy via image states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(9), 1641–1644 (1995)
M. Portalupi, L. Duo, G. Isella, R. Bertacco, M. Marcon, F. Ciccacci, Electronic structure of epitaxial thin NiO(100) films grown on Ag(100): towards a firm experimental basis. Phys. Rev. B 64(16), 165402 (2001)
R. Pantel, M. Bujor, J. Bardolle, Continuous measurement of surface-potential variations during oxygen-adsorption on (100), (110) and (111) faces of niobium using mirror electron-microscope. Surf. Sci. 62(2), 589–609 (1977)
S. HĂĽfner, Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications (Springer, New York, 1995)
D. Sekiba, D. Ogarane, S. Tawara, K. Yagi-Watanabe, Electronic structure of the Cu-O/Ag(110)(2Â Ă—Â 2)p2Â mg surface. Phys. Rev. B 67(3), 035411 (2003)
S. Warren, W.R. Flavell, A.G. Thomas, J. Hollingworth, P.L. Wincott, A.F. Prime, S. Downes, C.K. Chen, Photoemission studies of single crystal CuO(100). J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11(26), 5021–5043 (1999)
E.G. Emberly, G. Kirczenow, Antiresonances in molecular wires. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 11(36), 6911–6926 (1999)
K. Yagi, K. Higashiyama, H. Fukutani, Angle-resolved photoemission-study of oxygen-induced c(2 × 4) structure on Pd(110). Surf. Sci. 295(1–2), 230–240 (1993)
C.W. Tucker, Oxygen faceting of rhodium (210) and (100) surfaces. Acta Metall. 15(9), 1465–1474 (1967)
J.R. Mercer, P. Finetti, M.J. Scantlebury, U. Beierlein, V.R. Dhanak, R. McGrath, Angle-resolved photoemission study of half-monolayer O and S structures on the Rh(100) surface. Phys. Rev. B 55(15), 10014–10021 (1997)
M. Zacchigna, C. Astaldi, K.C. Prince, M. Sastry, C. Comicioli, R. Rosei, C. Quaresima, C. Ottaviani, C. Crotti, A. Antonini, M. Matteucci, P. Perfetti, Photoemission from atomic and molecular adsorbates on Rh(100). Surf. Sci. 347(1–2), 53–62 (1996)
E. Schwarz, J. Lenz, H. Wohlgemuth, K. Christmann, The interaction of oxygen with a rhodium (110) surface. Vacuum 41(1–3), 167–170 (1990)
C.Q. Sun, Exposure-resolved VLEED from the O–Cu(001): bonding dynamics. Vacuum 48(6), 535–541 (1997)
V. Dose, Momentum-resolved inverse photoemission. Surf. Sci. Rep. 5, 337–378 (1986)
C.T. Chen, N.V. Smith, Unoccupied surface-states on clean and oxygen-covered Cu(110) and Cu(111). Phys. Rev. B 40(11), 7487–7490 (1989)
T. Pillo, R. Zimmermann, P. Steiner, S. Hufner, The electronic structure of PdO found by photoemission (UPS and XPS) and inverse photoemission (BIS). J. Phys. Condens. Matter 9(19), 3987–3999 (1997)
K. Yagi, H. Fukutani, Oxygen adsorption site of Pd(110)c(2 × 4)–O: analysis of ARUPS compared with STM image. Surf. Sci. 412–13, 489–494 (1998)
R. Ozawa, A. Yamane, K. Morikawa, M. Ohwada, K. Suzuki, H. Fukutani, Angle-resolved UPS study of the oxygen-induced 2 × 1 surface of Cu(110). Surf. Sci. 346(1–3), 237–242 (1996)
Y.S. Wang, X.M. Wei, Z.J. Tian, Y.M. Cao, R.S. Zhai, T. Ushikubo, K. Sato, S.X. Zhuang, An AES, UPS and HREELS study of the oxidation and reaction of NB(110). Surf. Sci. 372(1–3), L285–L290 (1997)
A.I. Boronin, S.V. Koscheev, G.M. Zhidomirov, XPS and UPS study of oxygen states on silver. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 96(1–3), 43–51 (1998)
A.M. Aprelev, V.A. Grazhulis, A.M. Ionov, A.A. Lisachenko, UPS (8.43-ev and 21.2-ev) data on the evolution of DOS spectra near E(f) of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 under thermal and light treatments. Physica C 235, 1015–1016 (1994)
A. Howard, D.N.S. Clark, C.E.J. Mitchell, R.G. Egdell, V.R. Dhanak, Initial and final state effects in photoemission from Au nanoclusters on TiO2(110). Surf. Sci. 518(3), 210–224 (2002)
V.A. Bondzie, P. Kleban, D.J. Dwyer, XPS identification of the chemical state of subsurface oxygen in the O/Pd(110) system. Surf. Sci. 347(3), 319–328 (1996)
H. Tillborg, A. Nilsson, B. Hernnas, N. Martensson, O/Cu(100) studied by core level spectroscopy. Surf. Sci. 270, 300–304 (1992)
M.V. Ganduglia-Pirovano, M. Scheffler, Structural and electronic properties of chemisorbed oxygen on Rh(111). Phys. Rev. B 59(23), 15533–15543 (1999)
S. Lizzit, A. Baraldi, A. Groso, K. Reuter, M.V. Ganduglia-Pirovano, C. Stampl, M. Scheffler, M. Stichler, C. Keller, W. Wurth, D. Menzel, Surface core-level shifts of clean and oxygen-covered Ru(0001). Phys. Rev. B 63(20), 205419 (2001)
S. Schwegmann, A.P. Seitsonen, H. Dietrich, H. Bludau, H. Over, K. Jacobi, G. Ertl, The adsorption of atomic nitrogen on Ru(0001): geometry and energetics. Chem. Phys. Lett. 264(6), 680–686 (1997)
S. Schwegmann, A.P. Seitsonen, V. De Renzi, H. Dietrich, H. Bludau, M. Gierer, H. Over, K. Jacobi, M. Scheffler, G. Ertl, Oxygen adsorption on the Ru(10(1)over-bar0) surface: anomalous coverage dependence. Phys. Rev. B 57(24), 15487–15495 (1998)
C.Q. Sun, A model of bonding and band-forming for oxides and nitrides. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72(14), 1706–1708 (1998)
C.Q. Sun, A model of bond-and-band for the behavior of nitrides. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 11(23), 1021–1029 (1997)
Y.Q. Fu, C.Q. Sun, H.J. Du, B.B. Yan, Crystalline carbonitride forms harder than the hexagonal Si-carbonitride crystallite. J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. 34(9), 1430–1435 (2001)
C.Q. Sun, B.K. Tay, S.P. Lau, X.W. Sun, X.T. Zeng, S. Li, H.L. Bai, H. Liu, Z.H. Liu, E.Y. Jiang, Bond contraction and lone pair interaction at nitride surfaces. J. Appl. Phys. 90(5), 2615–2617 (2001)
M. Terrones, P.M. Ajayan, F. Banhart, X. Blase, D.L. Carroll, J.C. Charlier, R. Czerw, B. Foley, N. Grobert, R. Kamalakaran, P. Kohler-Redlich, M. Ruhle, T. Seeger, H. Terrones, N-doping and coalescence of carbon nanotubes: synthesis and electronic properties. Appl. Phys. Mater. Sci. Process. 74(3), 355–361 (2002)
F. Pforte, A. Gerlach, A. Goldmann, R. Matzdorf, J. Braun, A. Postnikov, Wave-vector-dependent symmetry analysis of a photoemission matrix element: the quasi-one-dimensional model system Cu(110)(2Â Ă—Â 1)O. Phys. Rev. B 63(16), 165405 (2001)
C. Benndorf, B. Egert, G. Keller, H. Seidel, F. Thieme, Oxygen interaction with Cu(100) studied by AES, ELS, LEED and work function changes. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 40(12), 877–886 (1979)
C. Benndorf, B. Egert, G. Keller, F. Thieme, Initial oxidation of Cu(100) single-crystal surfaces: electron spectroscopic investigation. Surf. Sci. 74(1), 216–228 (1978)
M. DrissKhodja, A. Gheorghiu, G. Dufour, H. Roulet, C. Senemaud, M. Cauchetier, Electronic structure of nanometric Si/C, Si/N, and Si/C/N powders studied by both x-ray-photoelectron and soft-x-ray spectroscopies. Phys. Rev. B 53(8), 4287–4293 (1996)
T. Hughbanks, Y.C. Tian, On the structure and composition of carbon nitride. Solid State Commun. 96(5), 321–325 (1995)
C.Q. Sun, Oxidation electronics: bond-band-barrier correlation and its applications. Prog. Mater Sci. 48(6), 521–685 (2003)
N. Hellgren, J.H. Guo, Y. Luo, C. Sathe, A. Agui, S. Kashtanov, J. Nordgren, H. Agren, J.E. Sundgren, Electronic structure of carbon nitride thin films studied by X-ray spectroscopy techniques. Thin Solid Films 471(1–2), 19–34 (2005)
J. Wintterlin, R. Schuster, D.J. Coulman, G. Ertl, R.J. Behm, Atomic motion and mass-transport in the oxygen induced reconstructions of Cu(110). J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 9(2), 902–908 (1991)
G.G. Fuentes, E. Elizalde, J.M. Sanz, Optical and electronic properties of TiCxNy films. J. Appl. Phys. 90(6), 2737–2743 (2001)
C.Q. Sun, S. Li, B.K. Tay, X.W. Sun, S.P. Lau, Solution certainty in the Cu(110)-(2 × 1)-2O(2-) surface crystallography. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 16(1–2), 71–78 (2002)
H. Tillborg, A. Nilsson, T. Wiell, N. Wassdahl, N. Martensson, J. Nordgren, Electronic-structure of atomic oxygen adsorbed on Ni(100) and Cu(100) studied by soft-x-ray emission and photoelectron spectroscopies. Phys. Rev. B 47(24), 16464–16470 (1993)
A. Spitzer, H. Luth, The adsorption of oxygen on copper surfaces.1. Cu(100) and Cu(110). Surf. Sci. 118(1–2), 121–135 (1982)
A. Spitzer, H. Luth, The adsorption of oxygen on copper surfaces. 2. Cu(111). Surf. Sci. 118(1–2), 136–144 (1982)
D. Alfe, S. de Gironcoli, S. Baroni, The reconstruction of Rh(001) upon oxygen adsorption. Surf. Sci. 410(2–3), 151–157 (1998)
A.C. Perrella, W.H. Rippard, P.G. Mather, M.J. Plisch, R.A. Buhrman, Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and ballistic electron emission microscopy studies of aluminum-oxide surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 65(20), 201403 (2002)
J.D. Zhang, P.A. Dowben, D.Q. Li, M. Onellion, Angle-resolved photoemission-study of oxygen-chemisorption on Gd(0001). Surf. Sci. 329(3), 177–183 (1995)
A. Bottcher, H. Niehus, Oxygen adsorbed on oxidized Ru(0001). Phys. Rev. B 60(20), 14396–14404 (1999)
A. Bottcher, H. Conrad, H. Niehus, Reactivity of oxygen phases created by the high temperature oxidation of Ru(0001). Surf. Sci. 452(1–3), 125–132 (2000)
G. Bester, M. Fahnle, On the electronic structure of the pure and oxygen covered Ru(0001) surface. Surf. Sci. 497(1–3), 305–310 (2002)
C. Stampfl, M.V. Ganduglia-Pirovano, K. Reuter, M. Scheffler, Catalysis and corrosion: the theoretical surface-science context. Surf. Sci. 500(1–3), 368–394 (2002)
S. Altieri, L.H. Tjeng, G.A. Sawatzky, Electronic structure and chemical reactivity of oxide-metal interfaces: MgO(100)/Ag(100). Phys. Rev. B 61(24), 16948–16955 (2000)
R. Mamy, Spectroscopic study of the surface oxidation of a thin epitaxial Co layer. Appl. Surf. Sci. 158(3–4), 353–356 (2000)
J.C. Zheng, X.N. Xie, A.T.S. Wee, K.P. Loh, Oxygen-induced surface state on diamond (100). Diam. Relat. Mat. 10(3–7), 500–505 (2001)
L.W. Lin, The role of oxygen and fluorine in the electron-emission of some kinds of cathodes. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. Vac. Surf. Films 6(3), 1053–1057 (1988)
G.G. Tibbetts, J.M. Burkstrand, J.C. Tracy, Electronic properties of adsorbed layers of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur on copper (100). Phys. Rev. B 15(8), 3652–3660 (1977)
G.G. Tibbetts, J.M. Burkstrand, Electronic properties of adsorbed layers of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur on silver (111). Phys. Rev. B 16(4), 1536–1541 (1977)
S. Souto, M. Pickholz, M.C. dos Santos, F. Alvarez, Electronic structure of nitrogen-carbon alloys (a-CNx) determined by photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 57(4), 2536–2540 (1998)
Z.Y. Chen, J.P. Zhao, T. Yano, T. Ooie, Valence band electronic structure of carbon nitride from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 92(1), 281–287 (2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sun, C.Q. (2014). STS and PES: Valence DOS. In: Relaxation of the Chemical Bond. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 108. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-21-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-21-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-4585-20-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-4585-21-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)