Abstract
This chapter highlights major contemporary migration features in the context of globalization that have created new cultures in cosmopolitan societies today, characterized by multiculturalism, pluralism, inclusivity, and dynamic and continuous change of cultural elements in society. The new migration features brought about by globalization have changed the migrant patterns of societies and will have significant impact on migrants and both the sending and receiving societies. To highlight a few, long term migrants have been replaced largely by short term migrations; migration destinations have in many cases become mid-way stops rather than irreversible destinations. As a result, the old concepts of brain drain have been increasingly replaced by brain circulation, signifying that an age of back and forth flow of talents is emerging, replacing the old days with irretrievable talent outflows. In addition, internationalization has become a common agenda across the world, with cities competing for gaining talents in the brain circulation orbits. This has also affected the discourse agenda in universities in particular, with discussion gradually shifting from economic gains in internationalization to the development of new epistemologies that reflect a diversity of cultures. In the context of this migration shift, this paper delineates the author’s personal experience, as an educational expatriate in the academic diaspora, in the different localities of his workplace, namely Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore. The chapter both reports on and analyzes his observation of the above-mentioned changes from the perspective of an insider-outsider participant observer.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The terms globalisation and internationalisation are used interchangeably in the context of this chapter.
References
Aharonov, Y. (2010) The educational expatriate in a Diaspora Community: The case of the Israeli Shaliach in Australia. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Sydney.
Altbach, P. (1998). Comparative higher education: Knowledge, the university and development. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong.
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA). (2012). Civics and citizenship draft shape paper. Sydney: The Authority.
Baildon, M., & Sim, J. B.-Y. (2010). The dilemmas of Singapore’s national education in the global society. In A. Reid, A. Sears, & J. Gill (Eds.), Globalization, the Nation-state and the citizen: Dilemmas and directions for civics and citizenship education (pp. 80–96). New York: Routledge.
Biggs, J., & Watkins, D. (1996). The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological and contextual influences. Hong Kong/Canberra: Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong/Australian Council for Educational Research.
Castells, M. (2000). The rise of the network society (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Castle, S. (2002). Migration and community formation under conditions of globalization. International Migration Review, Vol. 36(4), (pp. 1143–1168).
Chan, H. C. (1989). PAP and the structuring of the political system. In K. S. Sandhu & P. Wheatley (Eds.), Management of success: The moulding of modern Singapore (pp. 70–89). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Chan, C. K. K. (2008). Pedagogical transformation and knowledge-building for the Chinese learner. In W. O. Lee & M. M. C. Mok (Eds.), Construction and deconstruction of the Chinese learners, special issue of Evaluation and research in education Vol. 21(3), (pp. 235–251). Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
Cogan, J., & Derricott, R. (Eds.) (2000). Citizenship education for the 21st century: An International perspective on education. London: Kogan Page Limited.
Commonwealth of Australia. (2012). Australian citizenship: Our common bond. Canberra: National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
Cribbin, J. (2008) The lifelong learning sector and the development of Hong Kong as a regional education hub: Is government policy rhetoric or reality? Nottingham: Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Nottingham.
Faist, T. (2000). The volume and dynamics of international migration in transnational social spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM). (2005). GCIM REPORT: Migration in an interconnected world: New directions for action. Geneva: Global Commission on International Migration.
Gopinathan, S. (2011) Are we all global citizens now? Reflections on citizenship and citizenship education in a globalising world (with special reference to Singapore). Seminar paper presented at the Centre for Governance and Citizenship, Hong Kong Institute of Education, 20 Jan 2011.
Harbon, L. (2008) Chinese students in a ‘sea’ of change: one teacher’s discoveries about Chinese students’ learning and emotions through use of song. In W. O. Lee & M. M. C. Mok (Eds.), Construction and deconstruction of the Chinese learners, special issue of Evaluation and research in education Vol. 21(3), (pp. 214–134). Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
Harmon, G. (2005). Internationalization of Australian higher education: A critical review of literature and research. In P. Ninnies & M. Hellstén (Eds.), Internationalising higher education: Critical explorations of pedagogy and policy (pp. 119–140). Hong Kong/New York: Comparative Education Research Centre/University of Hong Kong/Springer.
Koh, A. (2007). Living with globalization tactically: The metapragmatics of globalization in Singapore. Journal of Social Issues in Asia, Vol. 22(2), (pp. 179–201).
Lee, W. O. (2008). The repositioning of higher education from its expanded visions: Lifelong learning, entrepreneurship, internationalisation and integration. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, Vol. 7(2), (pp. 73–83).
Lee, W. O. (2010). Multiple modalities of Asia-Pacific citizenship pedagogies: Eclectic concepts, hybridized approaches and teachers’ preferences. In K. J. Kennedy, W. O. Lee, & D. Grossman (Eds.), Citizenship pedagogies in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 335–356). Dordrecht/Hong Kong: Springer/Comparative Education Research Centre/University of Hong Kong.
Lee, W. O. (2012). Citizenship education in Asia. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), Encyclopedia of diversity in education (pp. 369–374). Los Angeles: Sage.
Lee, W. O., & Leung, S. W. (2006). Global citizenship education in Hong Kong and Shanghai secondary schools: Ideals, realities and expectations. Citizenship Teaching and Learning, 2(2), 68–84.
Lee, W. O., & Mok, M. M. C. (2008). Editors’ introduction. In W. O. Lee. & M. M. C. Mok (Eds.), Construction and deconstruction of the Chinese learners, special issue of Evaluation and research in education Vol. 21(3), (pp. 147–153). Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
Mak, G. C. L. (2008). Diversity in the Chinese classroom in changing contexts. In W. O. Lee & M. M. C. Mok (Eds.), Construction and deconstruction of the Chinese learners, special issue of Evaluation and research in education Vol. 21(3), (pp. 252–266). Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
Marginson, S., & McBurnie, G. (2003). Cross-border post-secondary education in the Asia-Pacific region. Document presented in OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational Services, Managing the Internalization of Post-secondary Education, 3–4 November, Trondheim, Norway.
Mok, M. M. C. et al. (2008). Help-seeking by Chinese secondary school students: Challenging the myth of “the Chinese learner”. In W. O. Lee & M. M. C. Mok (Eds.), Construction and deconstruction of the Chinese learners, special issue of Evaluation and research in education Vol. 21(3), (pp. 188–213). Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
Park, J. Y. (2009). Internationalisation and international students: Creating an internationalised learning context for international students’ study preparation via CMC. International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, Vol. 9(1), (pp. 75–86).
Pries, L. (2008). Transnational societal spaces: Which units of analysis, reference and measurement? In L. Pries (Ed.), Rethinking transnationalism. The meso-link of organisations (pp. 1–20). London: Routledge.
Shotam, N. P. (1989). Language and linguistic policies. In K. S. Sandhu & P. Wheatley (Eds.), Management of success: The moulding of modern Singapore (pp. 503–522). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Sim, J. B.-Y. (2010). ‘Simple ideological “dupes” of national governments’? Teacher agency and citizenship education in Singapore. In K. J. Kennedy, W. O. Lee, & D. L. Grossman (Eds.), Citizenship pedagogies in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 221–242). Dordrecht/Hong Kong: Springer and Comparative Education Research Centre/The University of Hong Kong.
Singapore 21 Committee. (1999). Singapore 21: Together, we make the difference. Singapore: Singapore 21 Committee.
Sklair, L. (1999). Competing concepts of globalisation. Journal of World-Systems of Research, Vol. 5(2), (pp. 143–63).
Stier, J. (2006). Internationalisation, intercultural communication and intercultural competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 11, 1–12.
Tan, E. K. M. (2010a). The evolving social compact and the transformation of Singapore: Going beyond quid pro quo in governance. In T. Chong (Ed.), Management of success: Singapore revisited (pp. 80–99). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Tan, K. P. (2010b). The transformation of meritocracy. In T. Chong (Ed.), Management of success: Singapore revisited (pp. 272–287). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Tham, S. C. (1989). The perception and practice of education. In K. S. Sandhu & P. Wheatley (Eds.), Management of success: The moulding of modern Singapore (pp. 477–502). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Wang, J., & Lin, E. (2008) An alternative interpretation of the relationship between self-concept and mathematics achievement: Comparison of Chinese and US students as a context. In W. O. Lee & M. M. C. Mok (Eds.), Construction and deconstruction of the Chinese learners, special issue of Evaluation and research in education Vol. 21(3), (pp. 154–174). Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
Watkins, D., & Biggs, J. (2001). Teaching the Chinese learners: Psychological and pedagogical perspectives. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre/University of Hong Kong.
Waugh, F., & Napier, L. (Eds.). (2009). Internationalising learning and teaching in academic settings. Sydney: University of Sydney Faculty of Education and Social Work.
Welch, A. (2004). BICA 2003/4 report booklet 7: Educational services in Southeast Asia. Sydney: The University of Sydney Faculty of Education and Social Work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lee, W.O. (2014). Academic Migration and Reshaping of Pedagogy and Epistemology: An Insider-Outsider Perspective. In: Mason, C., Rawlings-Sanaei, F. (eds) Academic Migration, Discipline Knowledge and Pedagogical Practice. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-88-8_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-88-8_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-4451-87-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-4451-88-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)