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Production of Palm Biofuels Toward Sustainable Development

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Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

The oil palm presents a comparatively advantageous source of feedstock for biofuels production compared to other first-generation biofuel feedstocks. Among the sources of feedstocks for biofuel production currently available and developed in the world, the oil palm is the prime option which fulfills the sustainability criteria for high productivity, efficiency, competitive price discounts, and above all it is cost effective. Biofuels produced from oil palm biomass would be considered sustainable only when all the production chains from oil palm cultivation to biofuels production (including the production of input materials and energy) are within the acceptable production criteria for sustainable oil palm and biofuels developments. In order for the oil palm industry to fully accomplish the objectives of sustainable oil palm biofuels production, Malaysia and Indonesia are currently ensuring the implementation of stringent sustainability standards via best management practices especially for the production of palm biofuels so as to improve yield and reduce the amount of input resources. This chapter highlights on some best management practices involving globally accepted initiatives for sustainable oil palm agriculture, palm oil milling, and refining as well as different production routes to palm biofuels production. Integration of different production routes for various types of palm biofuels through effective utilization of wastes for sustainable development are also elaborated in this chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ‘Oil palm biomass’ in this book refers to both the liquid products and by-products from the processing of FFB (like POME, CPO) and solid residues from the oil palm tree (like FFB, OPF, EFB) after harvesting and processing of FFB.

  2. 2.

    Only about 20 % oil palm biomass in the form of solid residues that are generated within the plantation are utilized as nutrients and mulch with a few being used as furniture etc. The remaining 80 % are under-utilized (Yusoff 2006).

  3. 3.

    Only about 40 % of the oil palm biomass generated within the mill like PPF, PKS, EFB are mostly used to fuel the boilers for steam generation while POME is mostly utilized for biogas production. The remaining biomass are dumped at landfills or incinerated without controlled methods of producing energy (Yusoff 2006).

  4. 4.

    The ‘value’ of a resource may lie within its mass, ‘energy’ or economic contents not leaving out their social and environmental impacts. These indicators may be found by critical assessments of the in–out flows of a production process.

  5. 5.

    Patum Vegetable Oil Company Limited (a biodiesel producer) is the largest exporter of refined palm oil (RPO) in Thailand and every month, this company contributes about 80 % of the total RPO exported in Thailand (RSPO).

  6. 6.

    FFB plugged from the palm tree are immediately subjected to oxidation which leads to rapid rise in free fatty acid (>0.3) content of the oil (which is not economical when used raw material for biofuel production). In order to avoid this reaction to affect the oil, the FFB must be processed immediately to maintain its quality.

  7. 7.

    Out of the wastes produced in the oil mill, EFB, PKS, PPF and POME form about 3.22–3.50, 0.84–0.98, 1.96–2.11 and 6.50–7.42 kg respectively (Yusoff 2006).

  8. 8.

    The cost of bioethanol from corn, sugarcane and lignocellulosic materials are USD 0.88, USD 0.82 and USD 1.50 respectively (McAloon et al. 2000; Quintero et al. 2008).

  9. 9.

    SSCF process for bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials through various integrated schemes is found to have the best energy performance (Gutierrez et al. 2009).

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  1. School of Chemical Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal, 14300, SPS Penang, Malaysia

    Keat Teong Lee & Cynthia Ofori-Boateng

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Lee, K.T., Ofori-Boateng, C. (2013). Production of Palm Biofuels Toward Sustainable Development. In: Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-70-3_4

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