Abstract
Coastal erosion or shoreline retreat, resulting from natural and human activities, is currently affecting many Philippine coastal areas. This research evaluates the adaptation strategies of planned protection (i.e., construction of bulkheads and revetments complemented by bioengineering measures) and relocation relative to the business-as-usual strategy (the construction of bulkheads) in San Fernando Bay in La Union, Philippines. Study results show that about 300 structures, 283,085 m2 of land, and 123,033 m2 of beach along San Fernando Bay will be lost to coastal erosion/shoreline retreat by the year 2100. Planned protection, which is a combination of hard and soft measures, yields the highest net present value (NPV) of about Php 148.63 million under the assumption that beaches are not resilient (Scenario A) and about Php 126.78 million under the assumption that beaches are resilient (Scenario B), at a discount rate of 6 %. This strategy is supported by both the government and the locality. The key issue is where to get the funding to support the project.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Anderson TW, Goodman LA (1957) Statistical inference about Markov chains. Ann Math Stat 28:89–110
Balce C, Leones J, De Leon P, Geosciences Bureau Tacloban City, Philippines (1999) Coastal erosion in Eastern Leyte Island, Philippines. In: Proceedings of the Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP) 35th session, Part II, Technical Report, Regional Offshore Prospecting in East Asia, UNDP, Bangkok
Colgan C, Lake F (1992) The economic value of Casco Bay, final report, Maine State Planning Office, Maine
Google (2005) Google Earth aerial photos. http:www.googleearth.com. Downloaded on 1 Aug 2007
Hareau A, Hofstadter R, Saizar A (1999) Vulnerability to climate change in Uruguay: potential impacts on the agricultural and coastal resource sectors and response capabilities. Clim Res 12:185–193. http://www.int-res.com. Downloaded on 11 Jan 2007
Mazda Y, Magi M, Kogo M, Hong NP (1997) Mangroves as a coastal protection from waves in the Tong King Delta. Viet Nam, Mangroves Salt Marshes 1:127–135
Mimura N, Harasawa H (2000) Data book of sea level rise 2000, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environment Agency of Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
Ngo N, Tien C, Pham HT, Do DS, Nguyen NB (2006) Status of coastal erosion of Vietnam and proposed measures for protection. http://www.fao.org/forestry/media/11286/1/0/. Downloaded on 11 Jan 2007
Perez RT, Amadore LA, Feir RB (1999) Climate change impacts and responses in the Philippines coastal sector. Clim Res 12:97–107. http://www.int-res.com. Downloaded on 11 Jan 2007
Prasetya GS, Black KP (2003) Sanur and Kuta Beaches in Bali: case studies for replacing traditional coastal protection with offshore reef. In: Proceedings of the third international surfing reef symposium, 23–25 June 2003
Prinya N (1996) Coastal erosion in the Gulf of Thailand. GeoJournal 38(3):283–300
Salvador JH, Kanbara GH, Sato T, Machida S, Almeda R, Garelan S, Laserna S (1997) Satellite monitoring of coastal topography in La Union, Northwestern Luzon, Philippines. Poster presented in GIS development conference 1997. GIS Development Network. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1997/ps2/ps4024.asp. Downloaded 11 Jan 2007
San Fernando City Planning and Development Office (2006a) Population survey of San Fernando City, La Union, Philippines
San Fernando City Planning and Development Office (2006b) Survey of the fisheries sector in San Fernando City, La Union, Philippines
Siringan F, Berdin R, Maria YS (2004) Coastal erosion in San Fernando, La Union: trends, causes and possible mitigation measures. Terminal report, Marine Geology Laboratory, National Institute of Geological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Diliman
US Army Corps of Engineers (1981) Low Cost Shore Protection: A Guide for Local Government Officials, US Army Corps of Engineers.
Zamali BM, Lee SC (1991) Analysis of coastal protection work along the Southwestern Coast of Johore, Malaysia. In: Chou LM, Chua T-E, Khoo HW, Lim PE, Paw JN, Silvestre GT, Valencia MJ, White AT, Wong PK (eds) Towards an integrated management of tropical coastal resources, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) Conference Proceedings 22, October 28–31, 1988, National University of Singapore, National Science and Technology Board, Singapore, and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Philippines. http://test.esmology.com/water/images/pdf/did3.pdf. Downloaded on 17 Nov 2007
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Arias, J.K.B., Dorado, M.A., Dorado, R. (2015). Economic Vulnerability and Possible Adaptation to Coastal Erosion in San Fernando City, Philippines . In: James, D., Francisco, H. (eds) Cost-Benefit Studies of Natural Resource Management in Southeast Asia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-393-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-393-4_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-392-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-393-4
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0)