Abstract
Global cell-phone ownership has surpassed over 5 billion. The proliferation of cell phones offers an unprecedented opportunity for aid organizations and governments in developing countries for providing affordable medical services for everyone. The available standardized interfaces of low-cost cell-phones allow us to create powerful medical diagnostics systems. For instance, digital cameras of cell phones now provide easy to use interfaces for capturing useful information of various medical conditions. However, photographic images often contain private and sensitive personal information in its raw form thus considered unsuitable for many available online services. Therefore, there is a need for a computational algorithm for extracting anonymous, de-identified, digital features from captured images for assessing medical conditions and general personal wellbeing. We present a de-identified feature generation method, called Gaussian Hamming Distance (GHD). We show that GHD features are significantly correlated with personal wellbeing. Its low computational complexity makes it ideal to be used with low-cost mobile devices. Its prediction power is suitable for providing a variety of online services including recommending useful health information for improving general wellbeing.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AD Tilaka, J Diederich, I Song, Teoh A (2013) Automated method for diagnosing speech and language dysfunction in schizophrenia. In: Margaret Lech IS, Peter Yellowlees, and Joachim Diederich (ed) Mental Health Informatics. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer, Berlin
Angaran DM (1999) Telemedicine and telepharmacy: current status and future implications. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 56(14):1405–1426
Chen EYH, Chan WSC, Chan SSM, Liu KY, Chan CLW, Wong PWC, Law YW, Yip PSF (2007) A cluster analysis of the circumstances of death in suicides in Hong Kong. Suicide Life Threat Behav 37(5):576–584
Cortes C, Vapnik V (1995) Support-vector networks. Mach Learn 20(3):273–297
Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Tsapatsoulis N, Votsis G, Kollias S, Fellenz W, Taylor JG (2001) Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction. IEEE Signal Process Mag 18(1):32–80
Ekman P, Rosenberg EL, Heller M (1998) What the face reveals. Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the facial action coding system (FACS). Psychotherapies 18(3):179–180
Elvevag B, Foltz PW, Rosenstein M, DeLisi LE (2009) An automated method to analyze language use in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives. J Neuro Linguist 23(3):270–284
Frantzidis CA, Bratsas C, Klados MA, Konstantinidis E, Lithari CD, Vivas AB, Papadelis CL, Kaldoudi E, Pappas C, Bamidis PD (2010) On the classification of emotional biosignals evoked while viewing affective pictures: an integrated data-mining-based approach for healthcare applications. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 14(2):309–318
Hadfield P, Shah B, Glover G (1995) Facial palsy due to tuberculosis: the value of CT. The J Laryngol Otology 109(10):1010–1012
Hamming WR (1950) Error detecting and error correcting codes. Bell Syst Tech J 29(2):147–160
Harrison R, Clayton W, Wallace P (1996) Can telemedicine be used to improve communication between primary and secondary care? Br Med J 313(7069):1377–1381
Hilty DM, Luo JS, Morache C, Marcelo DA, Nesbitt TS (2002) Telepsychiatry—an overview for psychiatrists. CNS Drugs 16(8):527–548. doi:10.2165/00023210-200216080-00003
Hilty DM, Marks SL, Urness D, Yellowlees PM, Nesbitt TS (2004) Clinical and educational telepsychiatry applications: a review. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatry 49(1):12–23
House JWaB DE (1985) Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 93:146–147
Joachims T (1999) Making large-scale support vector machine learning practical. MIT Press, Cambridge
Kohonen T (1990) The self-organizing map. Proc IEEE 78(9):1464–1480
Lei B, Song I, Rahman SA (2012) Optimal watermarking scheme for breath sound. In: The 2012 international joint conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), 2012. IEEE, pp 1–6
Lei B, Song I, Rahman SA (2013) Robust and secure watermarking scheme for breath sound. J Syst Softw 86:1638
Low LSA, Maddage NC, Lech M, Sheeber LB, Allen NB (2011) Detection of clinical depression in adolescents’ speech during family interactions. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 58(3 part 1):574–586
Murakami S, Mizobuchi M, Nakashiro Y, Doi T, Hato N, Yanagihara N (1996) Bell palsy and herpes simplex virus: identification of viral DNA in endoneurial fluid and muscle. Ann Int Med 124 (1-Part-1):27–30
Nambu M, Nakajima K, Noshiro M, Tamura T (2005) An algorithm for the automatic detection of health conditions. Eng Med Biol Mag IEEE 24(4):38–42
Otsuka T, Ohya J (1996) Recognition of facial expressions using HMM with continuous output probabilities, pp 323–328
Pantic M, Rothkrantz LÜM (2000) Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(12):1424–1445
Song I, Dillon D, Goh TJ, Sung M (2011) A health social network recommender system. In: Agents in principle, agents in practice—14th international conference, PRIMA 2011. Lecture notes in computer science, Springer, Berlin pp 361–372
Song I, Marsh NV (2012) Anonymous indexing of health conditions for a similarity measure. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 16(4):737–744
Song I, Yen NY, Vong J, Diederich J, Yellowlees P (2013) Profiling bell’s palsy based on house-brackmann score. In: IEEE symposium on computational intelligence in healthcare and e-health (CICARE) 2013, IEEE, pp 1–6
Stone RT, Wei CS (2011) Exploring the linkage between facial expression and mental workload for arithmetic tasks, pp 616–619
Tang L, Zhou X, Yu Z, Liang Y, Zhang D, Ni H (2011) MHS: a multimedia system for improving medication adherence in elderly care. IEEE Syst J 5(4):506–517
Terzis JK, Konofaos P (2008) Nerve transfers in facial palsy. Facial Plast Surg 24(02):177–193
Trad SGJ, Dormont D, Stankoff B, Bricaire F, Caumes E (2005) Nuclear bilateral Bell’s palsy and ageusia associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pulmonary infection. J Med Microbiol 54:417–419
Ultsch A (1993) Self-organizing neural networks for visualization and classification, Springer, Berlin
Ultsch A (2003) Maps for the visualization of high-dimensional data spaces. In: Proceedings of workshop on self organizing maps, 2003 pp 225–230
Ultsch A (2005) Clustering with SOM: U*C. Paper presented at the WSOM
Valstar MF, Pantic M (2011) Fully automatic recognition of the temporal phases of facial actions. IEEE Trans Syst Man and Cybern Part B: Cybern 42:28
Viola P, Jones M (2001) Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR) 2001, vol. 511, pp I-511–I-518 IEEE
Völter C, Helms J, Weissbrich B, Rieckmann P, Abele-Horn M (2004) Frequent detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Bell’s palsy. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Head Neck 261(7):400–404
Vong J, Fang J, Song I (2012) Delivering financial services through mobile phone technology: a pilot study on impact of mobile money service on micro–entrepreneurs in rural Cambodia. Int J Inf Syst Change Manage 6(2):177–186
Yacoob Y, Devis LS (1996) Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 18(6):636–642
Yellowlees P, Burke MM, Marks SL, Hilty DM, Shore JH (2008) Emergency telepsychiatry. J Telemed Telecare 14(6):277–281. doi:10.1258/jtt.2008.080419
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by JCU Singapore Research Grant JCUS/003/2011/IS and a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the Grand Challenges Explorations Initiative (Grant Number: OPP1032125).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vong, J., Song, I. (2015). Assessing General Well-Being Using Facial Expressions. In: Emerging Technologies for Emerging Markets. Topics in Intelligent Engineering and Informatics, vol 11. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-347-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-347-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-346-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-347-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)