Abstract
To prepare landslide susceptibility map of the Shivkhola watershed, one of the landslide prone part of Darjiling Himalaya, RS and GIS tools were being used to integrate 10 landslide triggering parameters like lithology, slope angle, slope aspect, slope curvature, drainage density, lineament, upslope contributing area (UCA), road contributing area (RCA) settlement density, and land use and land cover (LULC). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to quantify all the factors by estimating factors weight on MATLAB Software with reasonable consistency ratio (CR). Frequency ratio model (FR) was used to derive class frequency ratio or class weight incorporating both pixels with and without landslides and to determine the relative importance of individual classes. All the required data layers were prepared in consultation with SOI Topo-sheet (78B/5), LIIS-III Satellite Image (2010) by using Erdas Imagine 8.5, PCI Geomatica, and ARC GIS Software. The weighted linear combination (WLC) method was followed to combine factors weight and class weight and to determine the landslide susceptibility coefficient value (LSCV or ‘M’) on GIS platform. Greater the value of ‘M’, higher is the susceptibility of landslide. The Shivkhola watershed was classified into five landslide susceptibility zones by averaging window lengths of 3, 5, 7, and 9 and taking into account the landslide threshold boundaries value of 7.05, 9.29, 11.5, and 13.8. The overall classification accuracy rate is 92.22 % and overall Kappa statistics is 0.894. The elements like weighted LULC map, RCA (road contributing area) map and settlement density map were developed and their weighted linear combination was performed to prepare landslide risk exposure map. Then by integrating landslide susceptibility map and landslide risk exposure map landslide hazard risk co-efficient values were derived and a classification was incorporated on ARC GIS Platform to prepare landslide hazard risk map of the Shivkhola watershed. To evaluate the validity of the landslide hazard risk map, probability/chance of landslide hazard risk event has been estimated by means of frequency ratio (FR) between landslide hazard risk area (%) and number of risk events (%) for each landslide hazard risk class. Finally, an accuracy assessment was made through a comparative study between true GPS derived data and a set of randomly selected pixels points from the classified image corresponding to the true data from 50 locations on ERDAS Imagine (8.5) which depicts that the classification accuracy of the landslide hazard risk map was 92.89 with overall Kappa statistics of 0.8929.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Anabalagan R (1992) Landslide hazard evaluation and zonation mapping in mountainous terrain. Eng Geol 32:269–277
Atkinson PM, Massari R (1998) Generalized linear modeling of susceptibility to landsliding in the central Apennines, Italy. Comput Geosci 24:373–385
Avinash KG, Ashamanjari KG (2010) A GIS and frequency ratio based landslide susceptibility mapping: Aghnashini river catchment, Uttara Kannada, India. Int J Geomat Geosci 1(3):343–354
Basu SR, Sarkar S (1985) Some consideration on recent landslides at Tindharia and their control, Indian. J Power River Valley Dev 1985:190–194
Basu SR, Sarkar S (ed) (1988) Ecosystem visavis Landslides, a case study in Darjeeling Himalayas. Impact of development on environment. Geog Soc India Cal II:45–53
Basu SR, Ghatowar L (1988) Landslides and soil erosion in the gish drainage basin of the Darjeeling Himalaya and their bearing on North Bengal floods. Studia Geomorph Carpatho Bale 22:105–22
Basu SR, Ghosh L (1993) A comprehensive study of landslides and floods in the lish basin of the Darjeeling Himalaya, Indian J Power River Valley Dev 43:196–203
Basu SR, Maiti RK (2001) Unscientific mining and degradation of slopes in the Darjeeling Himalayas. Chang Env Scenerio Indian Subcont (Bd) 390–399
Borga M et al (1998) Shallow landslide hazard assessment using a physically based model and digital elevation data. J Environ Geol 35(2–30):81–88
Brardinoni F, Church M (2004) Representing the landslide Magnitude Frequency relation; Capilano river basin, British Colombia. Kirkby JM, Darby ES (eds) Earth surface processes and landforms, vol 29, issue 1, pp 115–124
Brudsen D (1979) Mass movement. In: Embelton C, Thornes J (eds) Process in geomorphology. Wiley, New York, pp 130–186
Burton A, Bathurst JC (1998) Physically based modeling of shallow landslide erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale. Environ Geol 35(2–3):89–99
Caiyan WU, Jianping Q (2009) Relationship between landslides and lithology in the three Gorges reservoir area based on GIS and information value model, vol 42, issue 2. Higher Education Press and Springer, pp 165–170
Carson MA (1975) Threshold and characteristic angles of straight slopes. In: Proceedings of the 4th Guelph symposium on geomorphology, Norweich Geo Books, pp 19–34
Carson MA (1977) Angles of repose, angles of shearing resistance at angle of talus slopes. Earth Surf Processes 2:363–380
Catlos EJ, Harrison TM, Kohn MJ, Grove M, Ryerson FJ, Manning CE, Upreti BN (2001) Geochronologic and thermobarometric constraints on the evolution on the main central thrust, central Nepal Himalaya. J Geophys Res 106:16177–16204
Chow VT (1951) General formula for hydrologic frequency analysis. Am Geophys Union Trans 32:231–237
Chow VT (1954) The long-probability law and its engineering applications. ASCE 80:1–25 (Separate No. 536)
Chow VT (ed) (1964) Handbook of applied hydrology. Mc Grow-Hill Book Company, New York
Congalton R (1991) A review of assessing the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed data. Remote Sens Environ 37:35–46
Crozier MJ (1986) Landslides: causes, consequences and environment. Croom Helm Australia Pty Ltd., London, 252p
Dai FC, Lee CF (2002) Landslide characteristics and slope instability modeling using GIS; Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Geomorphology 42:213–228
Dhakal AS, Amada T, Aniya M (2000) Landslide hazard mapping and its evaluation using GIS: an investigations of sampling schemes for a grid-cell based quantitative method. Photogram Eng Remote Sens 66(8):981–989
Donati L, Turrini MC (2002) An objective and method to rank the importance of the factors predisposing to landslides with the GIS methodology, application to an area of the Apennines (Valnerina; Perugia, Italy). Eng Geol 63:277–289
Dutta KK (1966) Landslips in Darjeeling and neighbouring hills slopes in June 1950. Bulletin of the geological survey of India. Ser B 15(1):7–30
Einstein HH (1988) Landslide risk assessment procedure. In: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on landslides, pp 1075–1090
Ghosh S, Van Westen CJ, Carranza E, Jetten V (2009) Generation of event- based landslide inventory maps in a data-scarce environment; case study around Kurseong, Darjiling district, West Bengal, India. In: Malet JP, Remaitre A, Bogaard T (eds) Landslide processes: from geomorphologic mapping to dynamic modeling: proceedings of the landslide processes. European centre on geomorphological hazards (CERG), Strasbourg, pp 37–44
Gokceoglu C, Sonmez H, Ercanoglu M (2000) Discontinuity controlled probabilistic slope failure risk map of the Altindag (settlement) region in Turkey. Eng Geol 55:277–296
Guzzetti F, Carrara A, Cardinali M, Reichenbach P (1999a) Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy. J Geomorphol 31:181–216 (Elsevier, London)
Guzzetti F, Cardinali M, Reichenbach P, Carrara A (1999b) Comparing landslide maps; a case study in the upper Tiber River basin, central Italy. Environ Manage 18:623–633
Guzzetti F, Cardinali M, Reichenbach P, Carrara A (1999c) Landslide hazard evaluation: an aid to a sustainable development. Geomorphology 31:181–216
Intarawichian N, Dasananda S (2011) Frequency Ratio model based landslide susceptibility mapping in lower Mae Chaem watershed, Northern Thailand. Environ Earth Sci 64:2271–2285
Jadda M (2009) Landslide susceptibility evaluation and factor analysis. Eur J Sci Res 1450-216X33(4):654–668
Jibson WR, Edwin LH, John AM (2000) A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard maps. Eng Geol 58:271–289
Kamp U, Growley BJ, Khattak GA, Owen LA (2008) GIS based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region. Geomorphology 101:631–642
Komac M (2006) A landslide susceptibility model using the analytical hierarchy process method and multivariate statistics in perialpine Slovenia. Geomorphology 74:17–28
Lee S, Choi U (2003) Development of GIS based geological hazard information system and its application for landslide analysis in Korea. Geosci J 7:243–252
Lee S, Ryu JH, Won JS, Park HJ (2004a) Determination and publication of the weights for landslide susceptibility mapping using an artificial neural network. Eng Geol 71:289–302
Lee S, Choi J, Min K (2004b) Probabilistic landslide hazard mapping using GIS and remote sensing data at Boun, Korea. Int J Remote Sens 25:2037–2052
Lee S, Pradhan B (2006) Landslide hazard assessment at Cameron highland Malaysia using frequency ratio and logistic regression models. Geophys Res Abs 8. SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU06-A-03241
Lee S, Pradhan B (2007) Landslide hazard mapping at Selangor, Malaysia using frequency ratio and logistic regression models. Landslides 4(1):33–41
Lee S, Talib JA (2005) Probabilistic landslide susceptibility and factor effect analysis. Environ Geol 47:982–990
Maiti RK (2007a) Irrational resource extraction introducing instability in slope and hydrodynamics- a case study at Lish-Chunkhola basin, Darjiling, Indian. J Geogr Environ 8&9:41–51 Vidyasagar University
Maiti RK (2007b) Critical analysis of slope instability on mining scars at Tindharia Cricket Colony, Darjiling, West Bengal. In: Proceedings of eighteenth convention and national seminar on “quarternary” climatic changes and landforms, organized at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, pp 189–205
Mallet FR (1875) On the geology and mineral resources of the Darjeeling district and Western Duars. Mem Geol Surv India 2:1–72
Mandal S, Maiti R (2011) Landslide susceptibility analysis of Shivkhola watershed, Darjiling: a remote sensing and GIS based analytical hierarchy process (AHP). J Indian Soc Remote Sens. doi:10.10007/s12524-011-0160-9
Mandal S, Maiti R (2012) Application of RS and GIS based semi-quantitative approach in landslide hazard risk assessment of the Shivkhola watershed, Darjiling Himalaya. Geo Risk Assess Manag Risk Eng Syst Geohazards 6(4):203–220
Mandal S, Maiti R (2013) Integrating the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the frequency ratio (FR) model in landslide susceptibility mapping of Shiv-khola watershed, Darjeeling Himalaya. Int J Disaster Risk Sci 4(4):200–212
Muthu K, Petrou M (2007) Landslide hazard mapping using an expert system and a GIS. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 45(2):522–531
Mwasi B (2001) Land use conflicts resolution in a fragile ecosystem using multi criteria evaluation (MCE) and a GIS based Decision Support System (DSS)
Nie et al (2001) The application of remote sensing technique and AHP-fuzzy method in comprehensive analysis and assessment for regional stability of Chongqing City, China. In: Proceedings of the 22nd international Asian conference on remote sensing, vol 1. University of Singapore, Singapore, pp 660–665, 5–9 Nov 2001
Nithya ES, Prasanna RP (2010) An integrated approach with GIS and remote sensing technique for landslide zonation. Int J Geomatics Geosci 1(1):66–75
Pandey A, Dabral PP, Chowdhary VM, Yadav NK (2008) Landslide hazard zonation using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Dikrong river basin, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Environ Geol 54:1517–1529
Pistocchi A, Luzi L, Napolitano P (2002) The use of predictive modeling techniques for optimal exploitation of spatial databases: a case study in landslide hazard mapping with expert system-like methods. Environ Geol 41:765–775
Porghasem H (2007) Landslide hazard zoning statistical frequency ratio method in the basin Safarood. M.Sc thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University, Noor, pp 1386
Pradhan B, Lee S (2010a) Delineation of landslide hazard areas on Penang Island, Malaysia, by using frequency ratio, logistic regression, and artificial neural network models. Environ Earth Sci 60:1037–1054
Pradhan B, Lee S (2010b) Landslide susceptibility assessment and factor effect analysis: backpropagation artificial neural networks and their comparison with frequency ratio and bivariate logistic regression modeling. Environ Models Softw 25(6):747–759
Pradhan B, Lee S (2010c) Regional landslide susceptibility analysis using back-propagation neural network model at Cameron highland, Malaysis. Landslides 7(1):13–30
Parise M, Jibson WR (2000) A seismic landslide susceptibility rating of geologic units based on analysis of characteristics of landslides triggered by the 17 January, 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. Eng Geol 58:251–270
Quinn et al (1991) The prediction of hillslope flow paths for distributed hydrological modeling using digital terrain models. Hydro Processes 5:59–79
Rowbotham D, Dudycha DN (1998) GIS modelling of slope stability in Phewa Tal watershed, Nepal. Geomorphology 26:151–170
Saaty TL (1980) The analytical hierarchy process. McGraw Hill, New York, 350p
Saaty TL (1990) The analytical hierarchy process: planning, priority setting, resource allocation, 1st edn. RWS Publication, Pittsburgh, 502p
Saaty TL (1994) Fundamentals of decision making and priority theory with analytic hierarchy process, 1st edn. RWS Publication, Pittsburgh, 527p
Saaty TL, Vargas LG (2001) Models, methods, concepts and applications of the analytic hierarchy process, 1st edn. Kluwer Academic, Boston, 333p
Sarkar S, Kanungo DP (2004) An integrated approach for landslide susceptibility mapping using remote sensing and GIS. Photogram Eng Remote Sens 70(5):617–625
Sharifikia M (2007) RS and GIS application in Geo-hazard- A case study part of central Alborz-Iran. Ph.D. thesis submitted in Geology Department, University of Delhi, India
Sinha-Roy S (1982) Himalayan main central thrust and its implication for Himalayan inverted metamorphism. Tectonophysics 84:197–224
Soeters R, Westen CJ (1996) Slope instability recognition, analysis and zonation. In: Turner AK and Schuster RL (eds) Landslides: investigation and mitigation. transportation research board special report 247. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 129–177
Tiwari B, Marui H (2001) Shearing behaviour of landslide sliding and mining scarp soil during drained ring shear test. In: Proceedings of XVth international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, vol 1, Istambul, pp 295–298
Tiwari B, Marui H (2002) Mechanism of shear zone formation and its effect in residual shear strength. In: Proceedings of 3rd international conference on landslides, slope stability and safety of infrastructure, vol 1, pp 4–133
Tiwari B, Marui H (2003) Estimation of residualshear strength for bentonite-kaolin-Toyoura sand mixture. J Japn Landslide Soc 40(2):124–133
Tiwari B, Marui H (2004) Objective oriented multi-stage ring shear test for the shear strength of the landslide soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 130(2):217–222
Van Westen CJ, Castellanos Abella E, Sekhar LK (2008) Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazards and vulnerability assessment: an overview. Eng Geol 102(3–4):112–131
Varnes DJ (1958) Landslide types and processes. In: Eckel EB (ed) Landslides engineering practice: highway research board, special report 29, vol 544. NAS-NRC Publication, Washington, DC, pp 20–47
Vanmarcke EH (1977) Reliability of earth slopes. J Geotechl Eng Div ASCE 103(GT11):1247–126
Varnes DJ (1984) Landslide hazard zonation review of principle and practice. Natural hazards, UNESCO, Paris
Vijith H, Madhu G (2008) Estimating potential landslide sites of an upland sub-watershed in Western Ghat’s of Kerala (India) through frequency ratio and GIS. Environ Geol 55:1397–1405
Windisch EJ (1991) The hydraulics problem in slope stability analysis. Can Geotech J 28(6):903–909
Yagi H (2003) Development of assessment method for landslide hazardness by analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Abstract volume of the 42nd annual meeting of the Japan Landslide Society, pp 209–212
Yalcin A, Bulut F (2007) Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and digital photogrammetric techniques: a case study from Ardesen (NE Turkey). Nat Hazard 41(1):201–226
Yalcin A (2008) GIS based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): comparisons of results and confirmations. Catena 72:1–12
Young A (1963) Deductive models of slope evolution. Rep Int Geogr Un Slopes Comm 3:45–66
Zhou CH, Lee CF, Li J, Xu ZW (2002) On the spatial relationship between landslide and causative factors on Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Geomorphology 43:197–207
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mandal, S., Maiti, R. (2015). Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) Model in Assessing Landslide Susceptibility and Risk. In: Semi-quantitative Approaches for Landslide Assessment and Prediction. Springer Natural Hazards. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-146-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-146-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-145-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-146-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)