Abstract
The significances of urban metro stations are far more transport nodes in a city. Their surroundings are usually well developed and attract plentiful human activities, which support various functions in cities such as living and working. Investigating evolutions of metro station functions can help understand the developments of the stations as well as the whole city in a quick, low-cost, continuable and effective way. Using long-term smart card data collected from 2014 to 2018 of Shenzhen, China, this study identifies the functions of metro stations in different years, and reveals the evolution patterns of the functions over years, which is the first attempt as far as we know. The analytical results indicate that the function differentiations among stations have enlarged during those years; the cores of workplaces has shifted from Luohu to Futian and Nanshan district; the cores of residences have shifted to relatively peripheral districts such as Bao’an District, Longhua District and Longgang District; in general, the functions have evolved toward a more home-work-separation pattern. Those findings can help understand the changes of metro station functionalities, which are important clues for the governments to make better and sustainable public-transport and land-use policies.
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Acknowledgements
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41771441, 41901391), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M653114), a grant from State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, the Basic Research Project of Shenzhen City (No. JCYJ20170307164104491), and the Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology, and Shenzhen Discipline Construction Project for Urban Computing and Data Intelligence.
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Appendix
Appendix
Station | Aug. 2014 | Aug. 2015 | Aug. 2016 | Aug. 2017 | Aug. 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AiLian | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
AnTuoShan | Mixed | Mixed_leisure | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
BaiGeLong | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented_leisure |
BaiShiLong | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
BaiShiZhou | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
BanTian | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
BaoAnZhongXin | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
BaoHua | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
BaoTi | Living-oriented_leisure | Living-oriented_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
BuJi | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
BuXin | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
CaoPu | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
ChangLingPi | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented |
ChangLong | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
CheGongMiao | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
ChiWan | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Living-oriented | Mixed |
CuiZhu | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
DaFen | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
DaJuYuan | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
DanZhuTou | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
DaXin | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
DaXueCheng | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
DaYun | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed | Working-oriented | Mixed |
DengLiang | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Mixed | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
DongJiaoTou | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
FanShen | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
FuMin | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
FuTian | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
FuTianKouAn | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
GangXia | Mixed | Working-oriented | Mixed | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
GangXiaBei | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented_leisure |
GaoXinYuan | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
GouWuGongYuan | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
GuoMao | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
GuShu | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
HaiShangShiJie | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
HaiYue | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
HeAo | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
HengGang | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
HongLangBei | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
HongLing | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed_leisure | Mixed |
HongShan | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented_leisure | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
HongShuWan | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Living-oriented_leisure | Living-oriented_leisure |
HouHai | Mixed_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
HouRui | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
HuangBeiLing | Mixed | Mixed_leisure | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
HuaQiangBei | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
HuaQiangLu | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
HuaQiaoCheng | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
HuaXin | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
HuBei | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
HuiZhanZhongXin | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
JiChangDong | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
JingTian | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
JiXiang | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
KeXueGuan | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
KeYuan | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
LaoJie | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
LianHuaBei | Mixed | Working-oriented | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
LianHuaCun | Mixed | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed | Mixed |
LianHuaXi | Working-oriented | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
LingZhi | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
LinHai | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed |
LiuXianDong | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
LiuYue | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
LiYuMen | Working-oriented_leisure | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
LongChengGuangChang | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
LongHua | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
LongSheng | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
LuoHu | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
MinLe | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
MinZhi | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
MuMianWan | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
NanLian | Mixed | Mixed | Living-oriented | Mixed | Living-oriented |
PingZhou | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
QianHaiWan | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
QiaoChengBei | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
QiaoChengDong | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
QiaoXiang | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
QingHu | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
ShaiBu | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
ShangMeiLin | Mixed | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
ShangShuiJing | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
ShangTang | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
ShaoNianGong | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
SheKouGang | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
ShenDa | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
ShenKang | Mixed_leisure | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
ShenZhenBeiZhan | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
ShiJieZhiChuang | Living-oriented_leisure | Living-oriented_leisure | Living-oriented_leisure | Living-oriented_leisure | Living-oriented_leisure |
ShiMinZhongXin | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
ShiXia | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
ShuangLong | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
ShuiBei | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Mixed_leisure | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
ShuiWan | Mixed | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
TaiAn | Living-oriented | Mixed | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
TangKeng | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
TangLang | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
TaoYuan | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
TianBei | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
TongXinLing | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
WanXia | Mixed | Mixed_leisure | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
WuHe | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
XiangMeiBei | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure |
XiangMi | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
XiangMiHu | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
XiaShuiJing | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
XiLi | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed |
XinAn | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
XingDong | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
XinXiu | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
XiXiang | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
YangMei | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
YanNan | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented_leisure |
YiJing | Mixed_leisure | Mixed_leisure | Mixed | Mixed_leisure | Mixed |
YiTian | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
YongHu | Mixed | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented | Living-oriented |
ZhuZiLin | Working-oriented | Working-oriented | Working-oriented_leisure | Working-oriented | Working-oriented |
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Zhang, F., Liu, K., Yin, L., Zhang, F. (2020). Investigating Evolutions of Metro Station Functions in Shenzhen with Long-Term Smart Card Data. In: Xie, Y., Li, Y., Yang, J., Xu, J., Deng, Y. (eds) Geoinformatics in Sustainable Ecosystem and Society. GSES GeoAI 2019 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1228. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6106-1_3
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