Abstract
This chapter examines the efficiency of the Chinese banking sector in relation to banks’ diversification operations. In a two-step approach, the chapter first calculates both cost and profit efficiency scores via stochastic frontier analysis using the method of within maximum likelihood estimation (WMLE). Then, the investigation employs a dynamic Tobit model in order to shed light on the diversification-efficiency nexus in the Chinese banking market.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
As the small sample size might result in an incidental parameters problem, this book also applies a robustness test by using dummy variables to catalogue the three sub-groups. The robustness test results are reported in the Appendix.
References
Abbott M, Wu S, Wang WC (2013) The productivity and performance of Australia’s major banks since deregulation. J Econ Financ 37(1):122–135
Adzobu LD, Agbloyor EK, Aboagye A (2017) The effect of loan portfolio diversification on banks’ risks and return: evidence from an emerging market. Manag Financ
Aggelopoulos E, Georgopoulos A (2017) Bank branch efficiency under environmental change: a bootstrap DEA on monthly profit and loss accounting statements of Greek retail branches. Eur J Oper Res 261(3):1170–1188
Aigner D, Lovell CK, Schmidt P (1977) Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. J Econom 6:21–37
Akhigbe A, Stevenson BA (2010) Profit efficiency in US BHCs: effects of increasing non-traditional revenue sources. Q Rev Econ Financ 50(2):132–140
Alhassan AL (2015) Income diversification and bank efficiency in an emerging market. Manag Financ 41:1318–1335
Alhassan AL, Tetteh ML (2017) Non-interest income and bank efficiency in Ghana: a two-stage DEA bootstrapping approach. J Afr Bus 18:124–142
Allen F, Gale D (2004) Competition and financial stability. J Money Credit Bank 36(3):453–480
Allen F, Carletti E, Marquez R (2011) Credit market competition and capital regulation. Rev Financ Stud 24(4):983–1018
Amidu M, Wolfe S (2013) Does bank competition and diversification lead to greater stability? evidence from emerging markets. Rev Dev Financ 3(3):152–166
Ariss RT (2010) On the implications of market power in banking: evidence from developing countries. J Bank Financ 34:765–775
Azzalini A (1985) A class of distributions which includes the normal ones. Scand J Stat 12(2):171–178
Bakke TE, Gu T (2017) Diversification and cash dynamics. J Financ Econ 123:580–601
Barth JR, Lin C, Ma Y, Seade J, Song FM (2013) Do bank regulation, supervision and monitoring enhance or impede bank efficiency? J Bank Finance 37:2879–2892
Battese GE, Coelli TJ (1988) Prediction of firm-level technical efficiencies with a generalized frontier production function and panel data. J Econom 38:387–399
Bauer PW (1990) Recent developments in the econometric estimation of frontiers. J Econom 46:39–56
Beccalli E, Frantz P (2009) M&A operations and performance in banking. J Financ Serv Res 36:203–220
Beck T, De Jonghe O, Schepens G (2013) Bank competition and stability: cross-country heterogeneity. J Financ Intermed 22:218–244
Belotti F, Ilardi G (2012) Consistent estimation of the “true” fixed-effects stochastic frontier model. CEIS Working paper No. 23/201
Bencivenga VR, Smith BD (1991) Financial intermediation and endogenous growth. Rev Econ Stud 58:195–209
Berger AN, Humphrey DB (1997) Efficiency of financial institutions: international survey and directions for future research. Eur J Oper Res 98(2):175–212
Berger AN, Mester LJ (1997) Inside the black box: what explains differences in the efficiencies of financial institutions? J Bank Financ 21:895–947
Biener C, Eling M, Wirfs J (2016) The determinants of efficiency and productivity in the Swiss insurance industry. Eur J Oper Res 248(2):703–714
Brewer E, Jagtiani J (2013) How much did banks pay to become too-big-to-fail and to become systemically important? J Financ Serv Res 43:1–35
Busch R, Kick T (2009) Income diversification in the German banking industry. Bundesbank Series 2 Discussion Paper No. 09/2009
Cavallo L, Rossi SP (2002) Do environmental variables affect the performance and technical efficiency of the European banking systems? a parametric analysis using the stochastic frontier approach. Europ J Financ 8(1):123–146
Charnes A, Cooper WW, Rhodes E (1978) Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. Eur J Oper Res 2:429–444
Chen Y, Chen H (2015) The non-interest incomes and operational performance of city commercial banks. J Shanghai Univ Financ Econ 2:51–59 (in Chinese)
Chen YY, Schmidt P, Wang HJ (2014) Consistent estimation of the fixed effects stochastic frontier model. J Econom 181:65–76
Cheng MY (2015) Non-interest and bank’s efficiency: evidence from Chinese commercial banks. Mod Econ Sci 37(4):49–126
Chi G-T (2006) Research on the relationship between income structure and income efficiency of China’s commercial banks. J Syst Eng 21:574–590
Cornett MM, McNutt JJ, Tehranian H (2006) Performance changes around bank mergers: revenue enhancements versus cost reductions. J Money Credit Bank 38(4):1013–1050
Curi C, Lozano-Vivas A, Zelenyuk V (2015) Foreign bank diversification and efficiency prior to and during the financial crisis: does one business model fit all? J Bank Financ 61:S22–S35
De Jonghe O, Diepstraten M, Schepens G (2015) Banks’ size, scope and systemic risk: what role for conflicts of interest? J Bank Financ 61(1):S3–S13
Delis M, Tsionas E (2009) The joint estimation of bank-level market power and efficiency. J Bank Financ 33:1842–1850
Dell’Ariccia G, Igan D, Laeven LU (2012) Credit booms and lending standards: evidence from the subprime mortgage market. J Money Credit Bank 44:367–384
Demirgüç-Kunt A, Huizinga H (2010) Bank activity and funding strategies: the impact on risk and returns. J Financ Econ 98(3):626–650
Deng SE, Elyasiani E (2008) Geographic diversification, bank holding company value, and risk. J Money Credit Bank 40:1217–1238
Doan AT, Lin KL, Doong SC (2017) What drives bank efficiency? the interaction of bank income diversification and ownership. Int Rev Econ Financ 55:203–219
Dong Y, Firth M, Hou W, Yang W (2016) Evaluating the performance of Chinese commercial banks: a comparative analysis of different types of banks. Eur J Oper Res 252:280–295
Dong Y, Hamilton R, Tippett M (2014) Cost efficiency of the Chinese banking sector: a comparison of stochastic frontier analysis and data envelopment analysis. Econ Model 36:298–308
Drake L, Hall MJ, Simper R (2009) Bank modelling methodologies: a comparative non-parametric analysis of efficiency in the Japanese banking sector. J Int Financ Mark Inst Money 19(1):1–15
Drucker S, Puri M (2008) On loan sales, loan contracting, and lending relationships. Rev Financ Stud 22(7):2835–2872
Elsas R, Florysiak D (2015) Dynamic capital structure adjustment and the impact of fractional dependent variables. J Financ Quant Anal 50(5):1105–1133
Elsas R, Hackethal A, Holzhäuser M (2010) The anatomy of bank diversification. J Bank Financ 34(6):1274–1287
Elyasiani E, Wang Y (2012) Bank holding company diversification and production efficiency. Appl Financ Econ 22:1409–1428
Elyasiani E, Staikouras SK, Dontis-Charitos P (2016) Cross-Industry product diversification and contagion in risk and return: the case of bank-insurance and insurance-bank takeovers. J Risk Insur 83:681–718
Feng G, Zhang X (2012) Productivity and efficiency at large and community banks in the US: a Bayesian true random effects stochastic distance frontier analysis. J Bank Financ 36(7):1883–1895
Fenn P, Vencappa D, Diacon S, Klumpes P, O’Brien C (2008) Market structure and the efficiency of European insurance companies: a stochastic frontier analysis. J Bank Financ 32(1):86–100
Fiorentino E, Karmann A, Koetter M (2006) The cost efficiency of German banks: a comparison of SFA and DEA. Banking and Financial Supervision No. 10/2006
Girardone C, Molyneux P, Gardener EPM (2004) Analysing the determinants of bank efficiency: the case of Italian banks. Appl Econ 36(3):215–227
Gourlay AR, Ravishankar G, Weyman-Jones TG (2006) Non-parametric analysis of efficiency gains from bank mergers in India. Loughborough University Working paper No. 2006–2017
Greene W (2005) Fixed and random effects in stochastic frontier models. J Prod Anal 23(1):7–32
Greene WH (2008) The measurement of productive efficiency and productivity growth. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Greene WH (1980) Maximum likelihood estimation of econometric frontier functions. J Econom 13(1):27–56
Gurbuz AO, Yanik S, Ayturk Y (2013) Income diversification and bank performance: evidence from Turkish banking sector. J BRSA Bank Financ Mark 7(1):9–29
Havranek T, Irsova Z, Lesanovska J (2016) Bank efficiency and interest rate pass-through: evidence from Czech loan products. Econ Model 54:153–169
Hellmann TF, Murdock KC, Stiglitz JE (2000) Liberalization, moral hazard in banking, and prudential regulation: are capital requirements enough? Am Econ Rev 90(1):147–165
Hicks JR (1935) Annual survey of economic theory: the theory of monopoly. J Econom Soc 3(1):1–20
Hjalmarsson L, Veiderpass A (1992) Efficiency and ownership in Swedish electricity retail distribution. J Prod Anal 3:7–23
Hu L (2002) Estimation of a censored dynamic panel data model. Econometrica 70(6):2499–2517
Ibragimov R, Jaffee D, Walden J (2011) Diversification disasters. J Financ Econ 99(2):333–348
Jiang C, Yao S, Feng G (2013) Bank ownership, privatization, and performance: evidence from a transition country. J Bank Financ 37(9):3364–3372
Kao C, Liu ST (2009) Stochastic data envelopment analysis in measuring the efficiency of Taiwan commercial banks. Eur J Oper Res 196(1):312–322
Klein PG, Saidenberg MR (2010) Organizational structure and the diversification discount: evidence from commercial banking. J Ind Econ 58:127–155
Koetter M, Kolari J, Spierdijk L (2008) Efficient competition? testing the “quiet life” of US banks with adjusted Lerner indices. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working paper No 1094
Köhler M (2014) Does non-interest income make banks more risky? retail-versus investment-oriented banks. Rev Financ Econ 23(4):182–193
Kraft E, Hofler R, Payne J (2006) Privatization, foreign bank entry and bank efficiency in Croatia: a fourier-flexible function stochastic cost frontier analysis. Appl Econ 38(17):2075–2088
Kumbhakar SC, Lovell CK (2003) Stochastic frontier analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Kumbhakar SC, Wang D (2007) Economic reforms, efficiency and productivity in Chinese banking. J Regul Econ 32:105–129
Kwan SH (2006) The X-efficiency of commercial banks in Hong Kong. J Bank Financ 30:1127–1147
Laeven L, Levine R (2009) Bank governance, regulation and risk taking. J Financ Econ 93:259–275
LaPlante AE (2015) A comprehensive study of bank branch growth potential and growth trends through the development of a unique DEA formulation and a new restricted DEA model. Unpublished Manuscript
Lensink R, Meesters A (2014) Institutions and bank performance: a stochastic frontier analysis. Oxford Bull Econ Stat 76:67–92
Lepetit L, Nys E, Rous P, Tarazi A (2008) Bank income structure and risk: an empirical analysis of European banks. J Bank Financ 32:1452–1467
Li T, Zheng X (2008) Semiparametric Bayesian inference for dynamic Tobit panel data models with unobserved heterogeneity. J Appl Econom 23(6):699–728
Lin JR, Chung H, Hsieh MH, Wu S (2012) The determinants of interest margins and their effect on bank diversification: evidence from Asian banks. J Financ Stab 8(2):96–106
Liu C, Ji L (2014) The diversification effects on efficiency: evidence based on Chinese commercial banks. J Stat Decis 23:169–172 (in Chinese)
Loudermilk MS (2007) Estimation of fractional dependent variables in dynamic panel data models with an application to firm dividend policy. J Bus Econ Stat 25(4):462–472
Meeusen W, Van den Broeck J (1977) Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error. Int Econ Rev 435–444
Meng X, Cavoli T, Deng X (2017) Determinants of income diversification: evidence from Chinese banks. Appl Econ 1–18
Mertens A, Urga G (2001) Efficiency, scale and scope economies in the Ukrainian banking sector in 1998. Emerg Mark Rev 2(3):292–308
Meslier C, Morgan DP, Samolyk K, Tarazi A (2014) The benefits of intrastate and interstate geographic diversification in banking. Unpublished manuscript
Papke LE, Wooldridge JM (2008) Panel data methods for fractional response variables with an application to test pass rates. J Econom 145:121–133
Pasiouras F, Sifodaskalakis E, Zopounidis C (2007) Estimating and analysing the cost efficiency of Greek cooperative banks: an application of two-stage data envelopment analysis. Int J Financ Serv Manag 5(1):34–51
Pennathur AK, Subrahmanyam V, Vishwasrao S (2012) Income diversification and risk: does ownership matter? an empirical examination of Indian banks. J Bank Financ 36:2203–2215
Quaglia L, Spendzharova A (2017) The conundrum of solving ‘Too Big to Fail’ in the European Union: supranationalization at different speeds. J Common Mark Stud 55(5):1110–1126
Sanya S, Wolfe S (2011) Can banks in emerging economies benefit from revenue diversification? J Financ Serv Res 40(1–2):79–101
Saunders A, Walter I (1994) Universal banking in the United States: what could we gain? what could we lose?. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Schaeck K, Cihak M (2010) Competition, efficiency, and soundness in banking: an industrial organization perspective. In: European banking center discussion paper No. 2010-20S
Souza GDS, Gomes EG (2015) Management of agricultural research centers in Brazil: a DEA application using a dynamic GMM approach. Eur J Oper Res 240(3):819–824
Stiroh KJ (2000) How did bank holding companies prosper in the 1990s? J Bank Financ 24(11):1703–1745
Stiroh KJ (2004) Diversification in banking: is noninterest income the answer? J Money Credit Bank 36(5):853–882
Stiroh KJ, Rumble A (2006) The dark side of diversification: the case of US financial holding companies. J Bank Financ 30(8):2131–2161
Sun J, Harimaya K, Yamori N (2013) Regional economic development, strategic investors, and efficiency of Chinese city commercial banks. J Bank Financ 37(5):1602–1611
Tan Y, Floros C, Anchor J (2017) The profitability of Chinese banks: impacts of risk, competition and efficiency. Rev Account Financ 16(1):86–105
Titova Y (2016) Are board characteristics relevant for banking efficiency? evidence from the US. Corp Gov 16(4):655–679
Vives X (2011) Competition policy in banking. Oxf Rev Econ Policy 27(3):479–497
Wei CL, Liu JL (2007) An analysis on diversification of Chinese commercial banks. China Ind Econ 12:10–21 (in Chinese)
Wooldridge JM (2005) Simple solutions to the initial conditions problem in dynamic, nonlinear panel data models with unobserved heterogeneity. J Appl Econom 20:39–54
Wu WH (2008) The second financial reform and the development of financial industry in Taiwan. Rev Pac Basin Financ Mark Policies 11(01):75–97
Xia Q, Huang Y (2017) The impact of income structure changes in Chinese commercial banks. J Commer Econ 23(1):171–173
Xu Y (2011) Towards a more accurate measure of foreign bank entry and its impact on domestic banking performance: the case of China. J Bank Financ 35(4):886–901
Yeboah J, Asirifi EK (2016) Mergers and acquisitions on operational cost efficiency of banks in Ghana: a case of Eco bank and access bank. Int J Bus Manag 11:241–249
Zhang J (2003) X-efficiency in China’s banking sector. Financ Res 6:46–57 (in Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Qu, Z. (2020). The Impact of Income Diversification on Chinese Banks: Bank Efficiency. In: Income Diversification in the Chinese Banking Industry: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5890-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5890-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-5889-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-5890-0
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)