Skip to main content

Literature Review

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 242 Accesses

Abstract

As explained in Chap. 1, the lacuna that the present study aims to address is the lived experience of cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) of Chinese doctoral students (CDS) into the Australian learning environment. Having set the scene for the study to follow in the preceding chapter, this chapter focuses on situating the current study within the context of extant literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akhtar, N., Pratt, C. B., & Bo, S. (2015). Factors in the cross-cultural adaptation of African students in Chinese universities. Journal of Research in International Education, 14(2), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240915592107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amadasi, S., & Holliday, A. (2017a). Block and thread intercultural narratives and positioning: Conversations with newly arrived postgraduate students. Language and Intercultural Communication, 17(3), 254–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2016.1276583.

  • Amadasi, S., & Holliday, A. (2017b). “I already have a culture.” Negotiating competing grand and personal narratives in interview conversations with new study abroad arrivals. Language and Intercultural Communication, 18(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2017.1357727.

  • Anderson, L. E. (1994). A new look at an old construct: Cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(3), 293–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(94)90035-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, M. S. (2006). International students in English-speaking universities. Journal of Research in International Education, 5(2), 131–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240906065589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2015). Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. (1969). Social interaction. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bamberger, A. (2019). Accumulating cosmopolitan and ethnic identity capital through international student mobility. Studies in Higher Education, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1597037.

  • Bell, R. (2016). Concerns and expectations of students participating in study abroad programmes: Blogging to reveal the dynamic student voice. Journal of Research in International Education, 15(3), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240916669028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. M. (1977). Transition shock: Putting culture shock in perspective. International and Intercultural Communication Annual, 4, 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1986). A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(2), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(86)90005-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. J. (1993). Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In M. R. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21–71). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berardo, K. (2006). The U-curve of adjustment: A study in the evolution and evaluation of a 50-year old model [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Luton Business School, University of Bedfordshire, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, J. (2013). Utility of a conceptual framework within doctoral study: A researcher’s reflections. Issues in Educational Research, 23(1), 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bochner, S. (1982). The social psychology of cross-cultural relations. In S. Bochner (Ed.), Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction (pp. 5–44). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boud, D., Keogh, R., & Walker, D. (1985). Promoting reflection in learning: A model. In D. Boud, R. Keogh, & D. Walker (Eds.), Reflection: Turning experience into learning (pp. 18–40). New York, NY: Nichols.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1976). The experimental ecology of education. Teachers College Record, 78, 157–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging theoretical models, research designs, and empirical findings. Social Development, 9, 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of development processes. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 993–1027). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 793–828). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgoon, J. K. (1978). A communication model of personal space violations: Explication and an initial test. Human Communication Research, 4(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1978.tb00603.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byram, M. (2008). From foreign language education to education for intercultural citizenship. Clevendon, England: Multilingual Matters.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, C., Zhu, P. D. C., & Meng, Q. (2016). An exploratory study of inter-relationships of acculturative stressors among Chinese students from six European union (EU) countries. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 55, 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee-Padmanabhan, M., & Nielsen, W. (2016). Preparing to cross the research proposal threshold: A case study of two international doctoral students. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2016.1251331.

  • Chirkov, V., Vansteenkiste, M., Tao, R., & Lynch, M. (2007). The role of self-determined motivation and goals for study abroad in the adaptation of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(2), 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choy, S., Li, M., & Singh, P. (2015). The Australian doctorate curriculum: Responding to the needs of Asian candidates. International Journal for Researcher Development, 6(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijrd-08-2014-0024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, R. C. -F., & Chan, C. -K. (2017). School adjustment, social support, and mental health of Chinese college students in Hong Kong. Journal of College Student Development, 58(1), 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2017.0005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, M., & Ingleby, R. (2011). Overcoming the cultural challenges in supervising Chinese research students in Australia. In J. Ryan (Ed.), China’s higher education reform and internationalization (pp. 173–193). Oxford, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Church, A. T. (1982). Sojourner adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 540–572. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.91.3.540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, J. (2010). Doctoral enterprise: A holistic conception of evolving practices and arrangements. Studies in Higher Education, 35(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070902825899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demes, K. A., & Geeraert, N. (2013). Measures matter: Scales for adaptation, cultural distance, and acculturation orientation revisited. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113487590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dentakos, S., Wintre, M., Chavoshi, S., & Wright, L. (2016). Acculturation motivation in international student adjustment and permanent residency intentions. Emerging Adulthood, 5(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696816643628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dervin, F. (2011). A plea for change in research on intercultural discourses: A “liquid” approach to the study of the acculturation of Chinese students. Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 6(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2010.532218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duke, S. T. (2010). Preparing to study abroad: Learning to cross cultures. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, D. L., Baumfield, V., & Reid, K. (2016). Searching for “a third space”: A creative pathway towards international PhD students’ academic acculturation. Higher Education Research & Development, 35(6), 1180–1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2016.1144575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, D. L., Baumfield, V., Reid, K., & Makara, K. A. (2016). Hidden treasure: Successful international doctoral students who found and harnessed the hidden curriculum. Oxford Review of Education, 42(6), 733–748. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2016.1229664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, D. L., Reid, K., & Baumfield, V. (2015). Beyond the amusement, puzzlement and challenges: An enquiry into international students’ academic acculturation. Studies in Higher Education, 41(12), 2198–2217. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1029903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fotovatian, S. (2012). Three constructs of institutional identity among international doctoral students in Australia. Teaching in Higher Education, 17(5), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2012.658557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, A. S. K., Southcott, J., & Siu, F. (2017). Exploring mature-aged students’ motives for doctoral study and their challenges: A cross border research collaboration. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 12, 175–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A. (2004). Foreign students: Education and culture shock. The Psychologist, 17(1), 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, S. B., & Kim, R. I. (2006). Predictors of US college students’ participation in study abroad programs: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(4), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.10.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, D. O., & Kim, E. (2005). Experiences of Korean female doctoral students in academe: Raising voice against gender and racial stereotypes. Journal of College Student Development, 46, 487–500. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2005.0048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, Q., Schweisfurth, M., & Day, C. (2010). Learning and growing in a “foreign” context: Intercultural experiences of international students. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 40(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920903115983.

  • Gu, Q., & Schweisfurth, M. (2015). Transnational connections, competences and identities: Experiences of Chinese international students after their return “home.” British Educational Research Journal, 41(6), 947–970. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudykunst, W. B. (2004). Bridging differences: Effective intergroup communication (4th ed.). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gullahorn, J. T., & Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19(3), 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1963.tb00447.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, M. R., Bennett, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(4), 421–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0147-1767(03)00032-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haslberger, A. (2005). Facets and dimensions of cross-cultural adaptation: Refining the tools. Personnel Review, 34(1), 85–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480510571897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Highum, A. (2014). Predeparture services for students studying abroad. New Directions for Student Services, 146, 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holliday, A., & MacDonald, M. N. (2019). Researching the intercultural: Intersubjectivity and the problem with postpositivism. Applied Linguistics, amz038. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amz038.

  • Hu, Y., van Veen, K., & Corda, A. (2016). Pushing too little, praising too much? Intercultural misunderstandings between a Chinese doctoral student and a Dutch supervisor. Studying Teacher Education, 12(1), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425964.2015.1111204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y. (2012). Transitioning challenges faced by Chinese graduate students. Adult Learning, 23(3), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045159512452861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, K. H., & Devine, K. (2016). Doctoral students’ emotional exhaustion and intentions to leave academia. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 11, 35–61. https://doi.org/10.28945/3396.

  • Ingleby, R., & Chung, M. (2009). Cultural issues in commencing the supervision of Chinese research students. Australian Universities’ Review, 51(2), 42–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inouye, K. S., & McAlpine, L. (2017). Developing scholarly identity: Variation in agentive responses to supervisor feedback. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 14(2), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. (2013). The transformation of “a frog in the well”: A path to a more intercultural, global mindset. In C. Kinginger (Ed.), Social and cultural dimensions of cross-border language learning (pp. 179–204). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. (2013). Issues in doctoral studies forty years of journal discussion: Where have we been and where are we going? International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 8, 83–104. https://doi.org/10.28945/1871.

  • Kehm, B. M., Shin, J. C., & Jones, G. A. (2018). Conclusion: Doctoral education and training—A global convergence? In J. C. Shin, B. M. Kehm, & G. A. Jones (Eds.), Doctoral education for the knowledge society: Convergence or divergence in national approaches? (pp. 237–255). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, R. I., & Goldstein, S. B. (2005). Intercultural attitudes predict favorable study abroad expectations of U.S. college students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9, 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315305277684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y. Y. (2012). Beyond cultural categories: Communication, adaptation and transformation. In J. Jackson (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication (pp. 229–243). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingston, E., & Forland, H. (2008). Bridging the gap in expectations between international students and academic staff. Journal of Studies in International Education, 12, 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307307654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, J. (2017). Global: Moving from soft power to knowledge diplomacy. In G. Mihut, P. G. Altbach & H. de Wit (Eds.), Understanding higher education internationalization: Insights from key global publications (pp. 381–382). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ku, H. Y., Lahman, M. K. E., Yeh, H. T., & Cheng, Y. C. (2008). Into the academy: Preparing and mentoring international doctoral students. Educational Technology Research and Development, 56(3), 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-007-9083-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lantis, J. S., & DuPlaga, J. (2010). The global classroom: An essential guide to study abroad. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le, T., & Gardner, S. K. (2010). Understanding the doctoral experience of Asian international students in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields: An exploration of one institutional context. Journal of College Student Development, 51(3), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., Kim, N., & Wu, Y. (2019). College readiness and engagement gaps between domestic and international students: Re-envisioning educational diversity and equity for global campus. Higher Education, 77(3), 505–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0284-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., Koeske, G. F., & Sales, E. (2004). Social support buffering of acculturative stress: A study of mental health symptoms among Korean international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28, 399–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M. C. Y., McMahon, M., & Watson, M. (2018a). Career decisions of international Chinese doctoral students: The influence of the self in the environment. Australian Journal of Career Development, 27(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416217743023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M. C. Y., McMahon, M., & Watson, M. (2018b). Supporting the career decisions of Australian-based international Chinese doctoral students. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 18(3), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-018-9360-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C.-H., Ward, C., & Low, M.-L. (2000, July). Revisiting the “cultural fit” proposition: Personality and adjustment in two cultures. Paper presented at the XVth International Congress of the International Association for Cross-cultural Psychology, Pultusk, Poland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, G., Chen, W., & Duanmu, J. L. (2010). Determinants of international students’ academic performance: A comparison between Chinese and other international students. Journal of Studies in International Education, 14(4), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315309331490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., & Gallois, C. (2014). Integrating intercultural communication and cross-cultural psychology: Theoretical and pedagogical implications. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1129.

  • Louis, M. R. (1980). Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2), 226–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lysgaard, S. (1955). Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin, 7, 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, D., & Stattin, H. (2006). The person in context: A holistic‐interactionistic approach. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & R. M. Lerner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (pp. 400–464). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marginson, S. (2014). Student self-formation in international education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(1), 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1028315313513036.

  • Martin, J. N., Bradford, L., & Rohrlich, B. (1995). Comparing predeparture expectations and post-sojourn reports: A longitudinal study of U.S. students abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 19(1), 87–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(94)00026-T.

  • Masgoret, A. M. (2006). Examining the role of language attitudes and motivation on the sociocultural adjustment and the job performance of sojourners in Spain. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(3), 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.08.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAlpine, L. (2017). Building on success? Future challenges for doctoral education globally. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 8(2), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/SGPE-D-17-00035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, J., & Bloch, M. (2010). Creating discursive and relational communities through an international doctoral student exchange. In M. Walker & P. Thomson (Eds.), Doctoral supervisors companion: Supporting effective research in education and the social sciences (pp. 270–328). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.2307/258210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendoza, R. H. (1984). Acculturation and sociocultural variability. In J. L. Martínez & R. H. Mendoza (Eds.), Chicano psychology (pp. 61–75). Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, C. (2010). Understanding the international student experience. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, C. (2019). Surfacing “Southern” perspectives on student engagement with internationalization: Doctoral theses as alternative forms of knowledge. Journal of Studies in International Education, 23(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318803743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moores, L., & Popadiuk, N. (2011). Positive aspects of international student transitions: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of College Student Development, 52(3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2011.0040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mori, S. C. (2000). Addressing the mental health concerns of international students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02571.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mumford, D. (1998). The measurement of culture shock. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nerad, M. (2010). Globalization and the internationalization of graduate education: A macro and micro view. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 40(1), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nerad, M. (2012). Conceptual approaches to doctoral education: A community of practice. Alternation, 19(2), 57–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nerad, M., & Evans, B. (2014). Globalization and its impacts on the quality of PhD education: Forces and forms in doctoral education worldwide. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Oberg, K. (1960). Culture shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropologist, 7, 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/009182966000700405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olmedo, E. L. (1979). Acculturation: A psychometric perspective. American Psychologist, 34, 1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.11.1061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. J., Freeman, J. L., Schallert, D. L., & Steinhardt, M. M. (2017). How emotions contribute to graduate students’ psychological responses during their online application for human subject research approval. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 8(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/sgpe-d-17-00015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parris-Kidd, H., & Barnett, J. (2011). Cultures of learning and student participation: Chinese learners in a multicultural English class in Australia. In L. X. Jin & M. Cortazzi (Eds.), Researching Chinese learners: Skills, perceptions and intercultural adaptations (pp. 169–187). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, J. M. (2016). International doctoral students’ navigations of identity and belonging in a globalizing university. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 11, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitts, M. J. (2009). Identity and the role of expectations, stress, and talk in short-term student sojourner adjustment: An application of the integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(6), 450–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.07.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popoveniuc, B. (2014). Self reflexivity. The ultimate end of knowledge. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 163, 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizvi, F. (2011). Theorizing student mobility in an era of globalization. Teachers and Teaching, 17(6), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2011.625145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. (2012). Internationalisation of doctoral education: Possibilities for new knowledge and understandings. Australian Universities’ Review, 54(1), 55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J., & Louie, K. (2007). False dichotomy? ‘Western’ and ‘Eastern’ concepts of scholarship and learning. Educational Philosophy and Learning, 4(39), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2007.00347.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sala-Bubaré, A., & Castelló, M. (2017). Exploring the relationship between doctoral students’ experiences and research community positioning. Studies in Continuing Education, 39(1), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037x.2016.1216832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawir, E. (2005). Language difficulties of international students in Australia: The effects of prior learning experience. International Education Journal, 6, 567–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, J. M., & Hernandez, C. A. (2014). Challenges of implementating a doctoral program in an international exchange in Cuba through the lens of Kanter’s empowerment theory. Nurse Education in Practice, 14(4), 357–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seddon, T. (2010). Doctoral education in global times: ‘Scholarly quality’ as practical ethics in research. In M. Walker & P. Thomson (Eds.), Doctoral supervisors companion: Supporting effective research in education and the social sciences (pp. 219–230). London: Routlege.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (2000). Development as freedom. New York, NY: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaules, J. (2007). Deep culture: The hidden challenges of global living. Clevendon, England: Multilingual Matters.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, W.-Q., Liu, D., & Chen, H. (2017). Chinese PhD students on exchange in European Union countries: Experiences and benefits. European Journal of Higher Education, 7(3), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2017.1290885.

  • Silva, P., Woodman, K., Taji, A., Travelyan, J., Samani, S., Sharda, H., … Yarlagadda, P. K. D. V. (2015). Support services for higher degree research students: A survey of three Australian universities. European Journal of Engineering Education, 41(5), 469–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2015.1095160.

  • Son, J. B., & Park, S. S. (2014). Academic experiences of international PhD students in Australian higher education: From an EAP program to a PhD program. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 9(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/18334105.2014.11082017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soong, H., Thi Tran, L., & Hoa Hiep, P. (2015). Being and becoming an intercultural doctoral student: Reflective autobiographical narratives. Reflective Practice, 16(4), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2015.1023276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer-Oatey, H., & Dauber, D. (2019). What is integration and why is it important for internationalization? A multidisciplinary review. Journal of Studies in International Education, 23(5), 515–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315319842346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, B. J., & Mendenha, M. (1991). The U-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22, 225–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting-Toomey, S. (2012). Communicating across cultures. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting-Toomey, S., & Dorjee, T. (2015). Intercultural and intergroup communication competence: Toward an integrative perspective. In A. F. Hannawa & B. H. Spitzberg (Eds.), Communication competence. (pp. 503–538). De Gruyter Mouton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tompkins, K. A., Brecht, K., Tucker, B., Neander, L., & Swift, J. K. (2016). Who matters most? The contribution of faculty, student-peers, and outside support in predicting graduate student satisfaction. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 10(2), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tran, L. T. (2015). Mobility as “becoming”: A Bourdieuian analysis of the factors shaping international student mobility. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(8), 1268–1289. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2015.1044070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twombly, S., Salisbury, M., Tumanut, S., & Klute, P. (2012). Study abroad in the new global century: Renewing the promise, refining the purpose. San Francisco, CA: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vande Berg, M., Paige, R. M., & Lou, K. (2012). Student learning abroad: What our students are learning, what they’re not, and what we can do about it. Sterling, VA: Stylus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L. (2015). Chinese students, learning cultures and overseas study. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., & Byram, M. (2011). “But when you are doing your exams it is the same as in China”—Chinese students adjusting to western approaches to teaching and learning. Cambridge Journal of Education, 41(4), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764x.2011.625001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). Psychology of culture shock (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1993). Where’s the culture in cross-cultural transition? Comparative studies of sojourner adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 221–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022193242006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildy, H., Peden, S., & Chan, K. (2015). The rise of professional doctorates: Case studies of the Doctorate in Education in China, Iceland and Australia. Studies in Higher Education, 40(5), 761–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.842968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winchester-Seeto, T., Homewood, J., Thogersen, J., Jacenyik-Trawoger, C., Manathunga, C., Reid, A., & Holbrook, A. (2014). Doctoral supervision in a cross-cultural context: Issues affecting supervisors and candidates. Higher Education Research and Development, 33(3), 610–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2013.841648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R. (2017). Academic socialization of Chinese doctoral students in Germany: Identification, interaction and motivation. European Journal of Higher Education, 7(3), 276–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2017.1290880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, L. L. (2017). Written feedback in intercultural doctoral supervision: A case study. Teaching in Higher Education, 22(2), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1237483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, L. L., & Grant, B. (2017). International doctoral students’ becoming: A dialogic perspective. Innovations in Education and Teaching International. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2017.1318711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, K., & Berliner, D. C. (2011). An examination of individual level factors in stress and coping processes: Perspectives of Chinese international students in the United States. Journal of College Student Development, 52(5), 523–542. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2011.0060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, M., Webster, B., & Prosser, M. (2011). Travelling a thousand miles: Hong Kong Chinese students’ study abroad experience. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, L., & Wahid, R. (2013). Challenges to brand Australia: International students and the problem with speaking. Higher Education Research and Development, 32, 1037–1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2013.806447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye, L. (2018). Intercultural experience and identity: Narratives of Chinese doctoral students in the UK. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ye, L., & Edwards, V. (2015). Chinese overseas doctoral student narratives of intercultural adaptation. Journal of Research in International Education, 14(3), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240915614934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye, L., & Edwards, V. (2017). A narrative inquiry into the identity formation of Chinese doctoral students in relation to study abroad. Race Ethnicity and Education, 20(6), 865–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1294570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, B. (2010). Learning Chinese abroad: The role of language attitudes and motivation in the adaptation of international students in China. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 31(3), 301–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240915614934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, B. (2016). Traveling a thousand miles: Determinants of cross-cultural adaptation of Asian students in Australia. In R. B. King & A. B. I. Bernardo (Eds.), The psychology of Asian learners (pp. 441–457). Singapore: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, B., & Downing, K. (2012). Determinants of international student’s adaptation: Examining effects of integrative motivation, instrumental motivation and second language proficiency. Educational Studies, 38(4), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2011.643111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, B., & Shen, H. (2012). Predicting roles of linguistic confidence, integrative motivation and second language proficiency on cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(1), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.12.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, B., & Wright, E. (2016). Socio-cultural adaptation, academic adaptation and satisfaction of international higher degree research students in Australia. Tertiary Education and Management, 22(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2015.1127405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zafar, S., Sandhu, S. Z., & Khan, Z. A. (2013). A critical analysis of “developing intercultural competence in the language classroom” by Bennett, Bennett and Allen. World Applied Sciences Journal, 21(4), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.4.131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y. L. (2016). International students in transition voices of Chinese doctoral students in a U.S. research university. Journal of International Students, 6(1), 175–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, T. S., & Bourne, J. (2011). Intercultural adaptation—It is a two-way process: Examples from a British MBA programme. In L. X. Jin & M. Cortazzi (Eds.), Researching Chinese learners: Skills, perceptions and intercultural adaptations (pp. 250–273). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, J. (2014). Persistence motivations of Chinese doctoral students in science, technology, engineering, and math. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 7(3), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y., Jindal-Snape, D., Topping, K., & Todman, J. (2008). Theoretical models of culture shock and adaptation in international students in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 33(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070701794833

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xing Xu .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Xu, X., Sit, H.H.W., Chen, S. (2020). Literature Review. In: The Eastern Train on the Western Track. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4265-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4265-7_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4264-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4265-7

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics