Abstract
Energy and electric vehicles are closely related for the sustainable development in the environment. In this proposed study, an extensive review of the different technologies towards solar-powered energy-efficient smart electrical vehicle based on permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive have been addressed. To reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses and to maintain the environmental sustainability, solar-powered electric vehicles create a vital role in a modern energy-efficient environment. The different existing as well as modern technologies based on Internet of Things (IoT) tools for smart electric vehicles to be required in several smart cities is represented. An efficient as well as economic design of a solar-powered electric vehicle to communicate between the industry and the environment is proposed in this article. Eventually, PMSM motors are broadly employed in typical solar-powered electric vehicles due to the rapid advancements in permanent magnet materials and several improved constructional features like high torque to weight ratio, higher power density, lesser noise and vibration. Furthermore the impact of solar energy and the recent developments in the aerodynamic design of an electric vehicle is also addressed. The emerging trends of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) related with environmental concern are well established to meet the different smart technologies. The outcome of the article would be an enormous interest for the researchers as well as technologists to explore such future scope of work in the respective field.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Denis N, Dubois MR, Desrochers A (2015) Fuzzy-based blended control for the energy management of a parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. IET Intell Transp Syst 9(1):30–37
Padhi S, Pati UC, Mahapatra K (2018) Overview of high-step-up DC–DC converters for renewable energy sources. IETE Tech Rev 35(1):99–115
Mondal M, Kumbhar GB (2018) Detection, measurement, and classification of partial discharge in a power transformer: methods, trends, and future Research. IETE Techn Rev 35(5):483–493
Robinson AP, Blythe PT, Bell MC, Hübner Y, Hill GA (2013) Analysis of electric vehicle driver recharging demand profiles and subsequent impacts on the carbon content of electric vehicle trips. Energy Policy 61:337–348
Richardson DB (2013) Electric vehicles and the electric grid: a review of modeling approaches, impacts, and renewable energy integration. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 19:247–254
Daziano RA, Chiew E (2012) Electric vehicles rising from the dead: data needs for forecasting consumer response toward sustainable energy sources in personal transportation. Energy Policy 51:876–894
Ewing G, Sarigöllü E (2000) Assessing consumer preferences for clean-fuel vehicles: a discrete choice experiment. J Public Policy Mark 19:106–118
Taylor J, Maitra A, AlexanderM, Brooks D, Duvall M (2000) Evaluation of the impact of plug-in electric vehicle loading on distribution system operations. In: Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2009 (PES’09). IEEE, pp 1–6
Galus MD, Andersson G (2009) Integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles into energy networks. In: PowerTech 2009. IEEE, Bucharest, pp 1–8
Bandhauer TM, Garimella S, Fuller TF (2014) Temperature-dependent electrochemical heat generation in acommercial lithium-ion battery. J Power Sources 247:618–628
On-site electric vehicle fire investigation. US Department of Transportation—National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2013)
IEC 62133-2 (2017) Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes—safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in portable applications—Part 2: Lithium systems
German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) (2013) Accident assistance and recovery of vehicles with high-voltage systems
Kapoor K, Pandey KK, Jain AK, Ashish N (2014) Evolution of solar energy in India: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 40:475–487
Glerum A, Frejinger E, Karlström A, Beser Hugosson M, Bierlaire M (2013) Modeling car ownership and usage: a dynamic discrete-continuous choice modeling approach. Presented at the international choice modelling conference, Sydney, Australia
Parks K, Denholm P, Markel T (2007) Costs and emissions associated with plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging in the Xcel Energy Colorado Service Territory. NREL Report No. TP-640-41410
Soares FJ, Pecas Lopes JA, Rocha Almeida PM, Moreira CL, Seca L (2011) A stochastic model to simulate electric vehicles motion and quantify the energy required from the grid. Presented at the power systems computation conference (PSCC), Stockholm, Sweden
Zakariazadeh A, Jadid S, Siano P (2015) Integrated operation of electric vehicles and renewable generation in a smart distribution system. Energy Convers Manag 89:99–110
Energy Community (2015) Policy guidelines by the energy community secretariat on reform of the support schemes for promotion of energy from renewable energy sources, PG 05/2015/21
IEA (2014) Renewables grid integration and variability session 1: introduction, variable generation, flexibility and netload. IEA Training and Capacity Building-Latin America, Santiago de Chile
Hung YH, Wu CH (2013) A combined optimal sizing and energy management approach for hybrid in-wheel motors of EVs. Appl Energ 108:236–243
Hung YH, Wu CH (2012) An integrated optimization approach for a hybrid energy system in electric vehicles. Appl Energy 98: 479–490
Ye YH, Shi YX, Cai N (2012) Electro-thermal modeling and experimental validation for lithium ion battery. J Power Sources 199:227–238
Lin YX (2015) Electromechnical system design and control of hybrid cooling module. Master Thesis, Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
Zhang Y, Ouyang M, Lu Q (2004) A model predicting performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack thermal systems. Appl Thermal Eng 24:501–513
Barnard R (2009) Road vehicle aerodynamic design, 3rd edn. MechAero Publishing, St. Albans, p 54. ISBN 978-09540734-7-3
Hucho WH (1998) Aerodynamics of road vehicles, 4th edn. SAE International, Warrendale, PA. ISBN 978-0-7680-0029-0
Buchheim R, Leie B (1982) The development of the Audi 100—a new approach in aerodynamic passenger car design. In: Vehicle aerodynamics symposium organised by VW, Dec 2–3
Kumar A, Singh A, Regin AF (2015) Study on Effect of ground clearance on performance of aerodynamic drag reduction devices for passenger vehicle using CFD simulations. SAE Technical Paper
Lennart L, Jesper M, Hakan D, Gunnar O (2013) Performance of an automotive under-body diffuser applied to a sedan and a wagon vehicle. Technical Paper
Esser M (2016) Standardization and vehicle regulation aspect of camera monitor system. Technical Paper, Springer International Switzerland
Kounenis C, Bonitz S, Ljungskog E, Sims-Williams D (2016) Investigations of the rear-end flow structures on a sedan car. SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-1606
Bonetto R, Bui N, Lakkundi V, Olivereau A, Serbanati A, Rossi M (2012) Secure communication for smart IoT Objects: protocol stacks, use cases and practical examples. In: Proceedings of IEEE IoTSoS, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp 1–7
Dohler M, Vilajosana I, Vilajosana X, Llosa J (2011) Smart cities: an action plan. In: Proceedings of Barcelona smart cities congress, Barcelona, Spain, pp 1–6
Nuortio T, Kytöjoki J, Niska H, Bräysy O (2006) Improved route planning and scheduling of waste collection and transport. Expert Syst Appl 30(2):223–232
Corley MJ, Lorenz RD (1998) Rotor position and velocity estimation for a salient-pole permanent magnet synchronous machine at standstill and high speeds. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 34:784–789
Zhou Z-y, Xu Z, Li T-c (2004) FPGA implementation of a new hybrid rotor position estimation scheme based on three symmetrical locked Hall effect position sensors. In: The 4th international power electronics and motion control conference, 2004. IPEMC 2004, vol 3, pp 1592–1596
Zheng B, Wu L, Lin A, Li L, Yuan C, Dang J (2011) Study of a new detection technology for sensorless PMSM drive with flux linkage observer. In: 2011 international conference on consumer electronics, communications and networks (CECNet), pp 1691–1694
Thiemann P, Mantala C, Hordler J (2011) PMSM sensorless rotor position detection for all speeds by direct flux control. In: 2011 IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (ISIE), pp 673–678
Zeraoulia M, El Hachemi Benbouzid M, Diallo D (2006) Electric motor drive selection issues for HEV propulsion systems: a comparative study. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 55(6):1756–1764
Yamazaki K, Fukushima Y, Sato M (2008) Loss analysis of permanent magnet motors with concentrated windings—variation of magnet eddy current loss due to stator and rotor shapes. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 45(4):1334–1342
de Santiago J, Bernhoff H, Ekergård B, Eriksson S, Ferhatovic S, Waters R, Leijon M (2012) Electrical motor drivelines in commercial all-electric vehicles: a review. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 61(2):475–484
Un-Noor F, Padmanaban S, Mihet-Popa L, Mollah MN, Hossain E (2017) A comprehensive study of key electric vehicle (EV) components, technologies, challenges, impacts, and future direction of development. Energies 10:1217
Li S, Li Y, Choi W, Sarlioglu B (2016) High-speed electric machines: challenges and design considerations. IEEE Trans Transp Electrific 2(1):2–13
Wang Z, Lu K, Blaabjerg F (2012) A simple start-up strategy based on current regulation for back-EMF-based sensor less control of PMSM. IEEE Trans Power Electron 27:3817–3825
Febin Daya JL, Sanjeevikumar P, Blaabjerg F, Wheeler PW, Ojo JO (2015) Implementation of wavelet-based robust differential control for electric vehicle application. IEEE Trans Power Electron 30(12):6510–6513
Chen HC, Huang H (2013) Design of buck-type current source inverter fed brushless DC motor drive and its application to position sensor less control with square wave current. IET Electr Power Appl 7(5):416–426
Tiwari R, Padmanaban S, Neelakandan RB (2017) Coordinated control strategies for a permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind energy conversion system. Energies 10:1493
Ying L, Ertugrul N (2003) A novel, robust DSP-based indirect rotor position estimation for permanent magnet AC motors without rotor saliency. IEEE Trans Power Electron 18(2):539–546
Biswas PK, Banerjee A, Sain C (2015) Design and development of a closed loop model of an adjustable speed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive using PI controller. In: International conference on power electronics systems and applications, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, pp 1–5
Kim T, Lee HW, Parsa L, Ehsani M (2006) Optimal power and torque control of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor/generator drive in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. In: Conference record of the 2006 IEEE industry applications conference forty-first IAS annual meeting, vol 3, pp 1276–1281
Banerjee A, Biswas PK, Sain C (2015) The Comparative study between different performance indices of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive on variable sensor angle. In: International conference on power electronics systems and applications (PESA), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, pp 1–6
Lin CH (2012) A novel hybrid recurrent wavelet Neural network control for a PMSM drive electric scooter using rotor flux estimator. Int Rev Electr Eng—IREE 7(3):4486–4498
Singh B, Murthy SS, Reddy AHN (2000) A micro controller based speed controller for permanent magnet brushless DC Motor. IETE Tech Rev 17(5):299–310
Ng K, Zhu ZQ, Howe D (1996) Open-circuit field distribution in a brushless motor with diametrically magnetized PM rotor, accounting for slotting and eddy current effects. IEEE Trans Magn 32(5):5070–5072
De Belie F, Melkebeek J (2010) Seamless integration of a low-speed position estimator for IPMSM in a current controlled voltage-source inverter. In: IEEE international conference on sensor less control for electrical drives (SLED), pp 50–55
Sain C, Biswas PK, Banerjee A (2015) Design and analysis of open loop model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. In: International conference on energy, power and environment (ICEPE)
Chinthamalla R, Sanjeevikumar P, Karampuria R, Jain S, Ertas AH, Fedak V (2016) A solar PV water pumping solution using a three-level cascaded inverter connected induction motor drive. Eng Sci Technol Int J (JESTECH) 19(4):1731–1741
Jain S, Chinthamalla R, Karampuri R, Sanjeevikumar P (2017) Effective dual solar PV fed three-phase open-end winding induction motor drive for water pumping system application. J Mod Power Syst Clean Energy (MPCE)
Yang Z, Shang F, Brown IP, Krishnamurthy M (2015) Comparative study of interior permanent magnet, induction, and switched reluctance motor drives for EV and HEV applications. IEEE Trans Transp Electrific 1(3):245–254
Rini Ann Jerin A, Palanisamy K, Sanjeevikumar P, Umashankar S, Ramachandramurthy VK (2017) Improved fault ride through capability in DFIG based wind turbines using dynamic voltage restorer with combined feed-forward and feed-back control. IEEE Access J
Awasthia A, Karthikeyan V, Sanjeevikumar P, Rajasekar S, Blaabjerg F, Singh AK (2017) Optimal planning of electric vehicle charging station at the distribution system using hybrid optimization algorithm. Energy 133:70–78
Arumugam P (2016) High-speed solid rotor permanent magnet machines: concept and design. IEEE Trans Transp Electrific 2(3):391–400
Liu X, Zhu ZQ, Wu D (2014) Evaluation of efficiency optimized variable flux reluctance machine for EVs/HEVs by comparing with interior PM Machine. In: Proceedings of IEEE 17th international conference on electrical machines and systems, pp 2648–2654
Fujishima Y, Wakao S, Kondo M (2004) An optimal design of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor for the next generation commuter train. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 14(2):1902–1905
Duan S, Zhou L, Wang J (2014) Flux weakening mechanism of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines with segmented permanent magnets. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond 24(3)
Kim K, Lee J, Kim H (2009) Multi-objective optimal design for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor. IEEE Trans Magn 45(3):1780–1783
Sanjeevikumar P, Blaabjerg F, Wheeler P, Lee K, Mahajan SB, Dwivedi S (2016) Five-phase five-level open winding/star-winding inverter drive for low voltage/high-current applications. In: 2016 IEEE transportation electrification conference and expo, Asia-Pacific (IEEE-ITEC’16), Busan (Korea), pp 66–71
Sanjeevikumar P, Pecht M (2016) An isolated/non-isolated novel multilevel inverter configuration for dual three phase symmetrical/asymmetrical converter. Eng Sci Technol Intl J (JESTECH) 19(4):1763–1770
Choi UM, Blaabjerg F, Lee KB (2015) Method to minimize the lowfrequency neutral-point voltage oscillations with time-offset injection for neutral-point-clamped inverters. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 51(2):1678–1691
Choudhury A, Pillay P, Williamson SS (2014) DC-link voltage balancing for a 3-level electric vehicle traction inverter using an innovative switching sequence control scheme. IEEE J Emerg Sel Topics Power Electron 2(2):296–307
Choi UM, Lee JS, Lee KB (2014) New modulation strategy to balance the neutral-point voltage for three-level neutral point clamped inverter systems. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 29(1):91–100
Xia C, Zhao J, Yan Y, Shi T (2014) A novel direct torque and flux control method of matrix converter-fed PMSM drives. IEEE Trans Power Electron 29(10):5417–5430
Niu F, Wang B, Babel AS, Li K, Strangas EG (2016) Comparative evaluation of direct torque control strategies for permanent magnet synchronous machines. IEEE Trans Power Electron 31(2):1408–1424
Krishnan R (2010) Permanent magnet synchronous and brushless DC motor drives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA
Geyer T, Papafotiou G, Morari M (2009) Model predictive direct torque control—Part I: concept, algorithm and analysis. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 56(6):1894–1905
Dost P, Sourkounis C (2014) On influence of various modulation schemes on a PMSM within an electric vehicle. In: Proceedings of the IEEE industry application society annual meeting, pp 1–10
Dost P, Sourkounis C (2011) Effects of the control-process-structure to the drivability in electric vehicles. In: 19th Mediterranean conference on control & automation (MED), pp 365–370
EC (2011) Smart Grids: from innovation to deployment-Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
Jiang Z, Dougal RA (2008) Hierarchical microgrid paradigm for integration of distributed energy resources. In: 2008 IEEE power and energy society general meeting—conversion and delivery of electrical energy in the 21st century. IEEE, pp 1–8
El-Hawary ME (2014) The smart grid—state-of-the-art and future trends. Electr Power Compon Syst 42:239–250
Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF (2016) Global trends in renewable energy investment 2016: analysis of trends and issues in the financing of renewable energy
Ji L, Zhang XPP, Huang GHH, Yin JGG (2015) Development of an inexact risk-aversion optimization model for regional carbon constrained electricity system planning under uncertainty. Energy Convers Manag 94:353–364
Fuss S, Szolgayová J, Khabarov N, Obersteiner M (2012) Renewables and climate change mitigation: irreversible energy investment under uncertainty and portfolio effects. Energy Policy 40:59–68
Cheng X, Hu X, Yang L, Husain I, Inoue K, Krein P (2014) Electrified vehicles and the smart grid: the ITS perspective. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 15:1388–1404
Rahimi F, Ipakchi A (2010) Demand response as a market resource under the smart grid paradigm. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2010(1):82–88
Haidar AMA, Muttaqi KM, Sutanto D (2014) Technical challenges for electric power industries due to grid-integrated electric vehicles in low voltage distributions: a review. Energy Convers Manag 86:689–770
Cvetkovic I, Thacker T, Dong D, Francis G, Podosinov V, Boroyevich D, Wang F, Burgos R, Skutt G, Lesko J (2009) Future home uninterruptible renewable energy system with vehicle-to-grid technology. In: Energy conversion congress and exposition, 2009 (ECCE 2009). IEEE, pp 2675–2681
Becker B, Allerding F, Reiner U, Kahl M, Richter U, Pathmaperuma D, Schmeck H, Leibfried T (2010) Decentralized energy-management to control smart-Home architectures. In: Muller-Schloer SYC, Karl W (eds) Architecture of computing systems—ARCS 2010, vol 5974. Lecture notes in computer science. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 150–161
Jang YJ, Jeong S, Lee MS (2016) Initial energy logistics cost analysis for stationary, quasi-dynamic, and dynamic wireless charging public transportation systems. Energies 9(7):483
Ahmad F, Alam MS, Asaad M (2017) Developments in xEVs charging infrastructure and energy management system for smart micro grids including xEVs. Sustain Cities Soc 35:552–564
Fisher TM, Farley KB, Gao Y, Bai H, Tse ZTH (2014) Electric vehicle wireless charging technology: a state-of-the-art review of magnetic coupling systems. Wireless Power Transf 1(2):87–96
Zaheer A, Hao H, Covic GA, Kacprzak I D (2015) Investigation of multiple decoupled coil primary pad topologies in lumped IPT systems for interoperable electric vehicle charging. IEEE Trans Power Electron 30(4):1937–1955
Yilmaz T, Hasan N, Zane R, Pantic Z (2017) Multi-objective optimization of circular magnetic couplers for wireless power transfer applications. IEEE Trans Magn 53(8), Art. no. 8700312
Ko YD Jang YJ (2013) The optimal system design of the online electric vehicle utilizing wireless power transmission technology. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 14(3):1255–1265
Throngnumchai K, Kai T, Minagawa Y (2011) A study on receiver circuit topology of a cordless battery charger for electric vehicles. In: Proceedings of the energy conversion congress and exposition (ECCE), pp 843–850
Vekic MS, Grabic SU, Majstorovic DP, Celanovic IL, Celanovic NL, Katic VA (2012) Ultralow latency HIL platform for rapid development of complex power electronics systems. IEEE Trans Power Electron 27(11):4436–4444
Inaba Y, Cense S, Bachir TO, Yamashita H, Dufour C (2011) A dual high-speed PMSM motor drive emulator with finite element analysis on FPGA chip with full fault testing capability. In: Proceedings of the 2011 14th European conference on power electronics and applications, pp 1–10 (2011)
Saied SA, Abbaszadeh K, Fadaie M (2010) Reduced order model of developed magnetic equivalent circuit in electrical machine modelling. IEEE Trans Magn 46(7):2649–2655
Carpiuc SC, Lazar C (2015) Fast real-time constrained predictive current control in permanent magnet synchronous machine-based automotive traction drives. IEEE Trans Transp Electrific 1(4):326–335
Kabir MA, Husain I (2016) Design of mutually coupled switched reluctance motors (MCSRMs) for extended speed applications using 3-phase standard inverters. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 31(2):436–445
Jack AG, Mecrow BC, Haylock JA (1996) A comparative study of permanent magnet and switched reluctance motors for high-performance fault-tolerant applications. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 32(4):889–895
Boldea I, Tutelea LN, Parsa L, Dorrell D (2014) Automotive electric propulsion systems with reduced or no permanent magnets: an overview. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 61(10):5696–5711
El-Refaie AM, Jahns TM (2004) Optimal flux weakening in surface PM machines using concentrated windings. In: Proceedings of the IAS annual meeting, Oct 2004, pp 1038–1047
Dorrell DG, Knight AM, Evans L, Popescu M (2012) Analysis and design techniques applied to hybrid vehicle drive machines—assessment of alternative IPM and induction motor topologies. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 59(10):3690–3699
Wang J, Yuan X, Atallah K (2013) Design optimization of a surface mounted permanent-magnet motor with concentrated windings for electric vehicle applications. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 62(3):1053–1064
Torregrossa D, Peyraut DO, Fahimi D, M’Boua J, Miraoui A (2011) Multiphysics finite-element modeling for vibration and acoustic analysis of permanent magnet synchronous machine. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 26(2):490–500
Liu N, Chen Q, Lu X, Liu J, Zhang J (2015) A charging strategy for PV-based battery switch stations considering service availability and self-consumption of PV energy. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 62:4878–4889
Wandhare RG, Agarwal V (2015) Novel integration of a PV-wind energy system with enhanced efficiency. IEEE Trans Power Electron 30(7):3638–3649
Abt V, Vigier F, Schneider M (2009) Enterprise business modelling languages applied to farm enterprise: a case study for IDEF0, GRAI Grid, and AMS languages. In: Advances in modelling agricultural systems. Springer, US, pp 167–191
Ahmed MR, Cui HY, Huang X (2014) Smart integration of cloud computing and MCMC based secured WSN to monitor environment. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on wireless communications, vehicular technology, information theory and aerospace & electronic systems (VITAE)
Blomqvist E, Thollander P (2015) An integrated dataset of energy efficiency measures. Energy Effi 8(6):1125–1147
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sain, C., Banerjee, A., Biswas, P.K., Padmanaban, S. (2020). A State-of-the-Art Review on Solar-Powered Energy-Efficient PMSM Drive Smart Electric Vehicle for Sustainable Development. In: Bhoi, A., Sherpa, K., Kalam, A., Chae, GS. (eds) Advances in Greener Energy Technologies. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4246-6_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4246-6_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4245-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4246-6
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)