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Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus: The Indian Experience

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Abstract

Esophageal cancer is a relatively common cancer among both men and women and is the fourth commonest cause of cancer-related deaths in India. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent histology (80%) although there has been a recent relative increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma. Etiological factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in India are unique and include alternative forms of tobacco consumption, alcohol, tea drinking, nutritional and dietary factors, and possibly human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Most patients present with advanced stage of disease and in poor general health at the time of diagnosis. Diagnostic and staging workup of ESCC in India is similar to other countries although the use of PET-CT and endoscopic ultrasonography is not universal. Treatment of early stage disease (T1/T2 and N0) is primarily surgery alone, while patients with more advanced, resectable disease (T3/T4a or N+) is usually neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery. Unresectable or metastatic disease is treated with palliative radiotherapy or esophageal stenting. Surgical technique is widely variant with both trans-thoracic and trans-hiatal esophagectomy being performed along with minimally invasive esophagectomy depending on the specialization and expertise of the surgeon. Research on esophageal cancer has focused on epidemiology, etiological factors, primary treatment options, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, surgical techniques, perioperative care, and palliative treatment. The formation of the Indian Society for Diseases of the Esophagus and Stomach (ISES) is expected to promote collaborative research and standardization of treatment across the country.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Thoracic Surgery, Departments of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    C. S. Pramesh, Devayani Niyogi, Apurva Ashok, George Karimundackal & Sabita Jiwnani

  2. Division of Thoracic Surgery, Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Madhavi Shetmahajan & Priya Ranganathan

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  1. C. S. Pramesh
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  1. International Goodwill Hospital, Yokohama, Japan

    Nobutoshi Ando

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Pramesh, C.S. et al. (2020). Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus: The Indian Experience. In: Ando, N. (eds) Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4190-2_18

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