Skip to main content

Flipped Instruction Among Medical Students in Singapore

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Flipped Classrooms with Diverse Learners

Part of the book series: Springer Texts in Education ((SPTE))

  • 1115 Accesses

Abstract

The work described in this chapter was carried out in a teaching hospital and was led by a team of senior medical doctors/instructors. Self-regulated learning was fostered among a group of 168 medical students through the use of a mobile learning application together with flipped instruction, as part of a larger project on a multi-modal, seamless learning environment. The effectiveness of this instruction was evaluated using a questionnaire assessing perceived Personal Relevance, Satisfaction and Self-Efficacy, together with focus-group interviews. Comparison of flipped with conventional instruction or pretest with posttest scores revealed statistically-significant differences for each scale with effect sizes that were small for Personal Relevance, medium for Satisfaction and large for Self-Efficacy. Focus groups suggested that while the convenience of learning-on-the-go is appreciated for its convenience and flexibility in terms of learning anytime and anywhere, it is still not unanimously embraced because of reasons like the traditional mode of having protected time for learning and face-to-face instant clarifications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Afari, E., Aldridge, J. M., Fraser, B. J., & Khine, M. S. (2013). Students’ perceptions of the learning environment and attitudes in game-based mathematics classrooms. Learning Environments Research,16(1), 131–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldridge, J. M., Fraser, B. J., Taylor, P. C., & Chen, C. C. (2000). Constructivist learning environments in a crossnational study in Taiwan and Australia. International Journal of Science Education,22(1), 37–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldridge, J. M., Fraser, B. J., & Sebela, M. P. (2004). Using teacher action research to promote constructivist learning environments in South Africa. South African Journal of Education,24(4), 245–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alessi, S. M., & Trollip, S. R. (2001). Multimedia for learning: Methods and development. Boston: Allyn & Bacon Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C., & Schon, D. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action approach. Reading, MA: Addision Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockett, R. G., & Hiemstra, R. (1991). Self-direction in adult learning: Perspectives on theory, research, and practice. Routledge Series on Theory and Practice of Adult Education in North America. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brookfield, S. (1995). Adult learning: An overview. International Encyclopedia of Education,10, 375–380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boston, W. E., Ice, P., Díaz, S. R., Richardson, J., Gibson, A. M., & Swan, K. (2009). An exploration of the relationship between indicators of the community of inquiry framework and retention in online programs. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks,14(1), 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boston, W. E., Ice, P., & Gibson, A. M. (2011). Comprehensive assessment of student retention in online learning environments. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration. Retrieved September 18, 2018, from https://www.learntechib.org/p/526271.

  • Chen, F., Lui, A. M., & Martinelli, S. M. (2017). A systematic review of the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in medical education. Medical Education,51(6), 585–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, K. S., Monrouxe, L., Lu, Y. H., Jenq, C. C., Chang, Y. J., Chang, Y. C., & Chai, P. Y. C. (2018). Academic outcomes of flipped classroom learning: a meta‐analysis. Medical education, 52(9), 910–924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, S. T., & Fraser, B. J. (2016). Effectiveness of student response systems in terms of learning environment, attitudes and achievement. Learning Environments Research,19(2), 153–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crews, T., & Butterfield, J. B. (2014). Data for flipped classroom design: Using student feedback to identify the best components from online and face-to-face classes. Higher Education Studies,4(3), 38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Essex, C., & Cagiltay, K. (2001). Evaluating an online course: Feedback from “distressed” students. Quarterly Review of Distance Education,2(3), 233–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, B. J. (2012). Classroom learning environments: Retrospect, context and prospect. In Second international handbook of science education (pp. 1191–1239). Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, B. (2014). Classroom learning environments: Historical and contemporary perspectives. In N. Lederman & S. Abell (Eds.), Handbook of research on science education Volume II (pp. 104–119). USA: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, B. J., Treagust, D. F., & Dennis, N. C. (1986). Development of an instrument for assessing classroom psychosocial environment at universities and colleges. Studies in Higher Education,11(1), 43–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galway, L. P., Corbett, K. K., Takaro, T. K., Tairyan, K., & Frank, E. (2014). A novel integration of online and flipped classroom instructional models in public health higher education. BMC Medical Education,14(1), 181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model. Adult Education Quarterly,48(1), 18–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2003). A theory of critical inquiry in online distance education. Handbook of Distance Education,1, 113–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, M., & Collins, R. (1991). Self-directed learning: Critical practice. East Brunswick, NJ: Nichols/GP Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, A., & Fraser, B. J. (2015). Effectiveness of teaching strategies for engaging adults who experienced childhood difficulties in learning mathematics. Learning Environments Research,18(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helding, K. A., & Fraser, B. J. (2013). Effectiveness of National Board Certified (NBC) teachers in terms of classroom environment, attitudes and achievement among secondary science students. Learning Environments Research,16(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennink, M. M. (2007). International focus group research: A handbook for the health and social sciences. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hew, K. F., & Lo, C. K. (2018). Flipped classroom improves student learning in health professions education: A meta-analysis. BMC Medical Education,18(1), 38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hills, H. (2017). Individual preferences in e-learning. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, L. S., Fraser, B. J., & Ledbetter, C. E. (2008). An evaluation of elementary school science kits in terms of classroom environment and student attitudes. Journal of Elementary Science Education,20(4), 29–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika,39(1), 31–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, N., & Grieve, R. (2014). Face-to-face or face-to-screen? Undergraduates’ opinions and test performance in classroom vs. online learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, J., & Barbour, R. (Eds.). (1999). Developing focus group research: Politics, theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K. J. (2009). Motivational challenges of adult learners in self-directed e-learning. Journal of Interactive Learning Research,20(3), 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. B., Fisher, D. L., & Fraser, B. J. (1999). Assessment and investigation of constructivist science learning environments in Korea. Research in Science & Technological Education,17(2), 239–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. New York: Association Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koh, N. K., & Fraser, B. J. (2014a). Learning environment associated with use of mixed mode delivery model among secondary business studies students in Singapore. Learning Environments Research,17(2), 157–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koh, N. K., & Fraser, B. J. (2014b). Determinants of financial attitudes among secondary-school students in Singapore. World Studies in Education,15(2), 41–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroll, T., Barbour, R., & Harris, J. (2007). Using focus groups in disability research. Qualitative Health Research,17(5), 690–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, H. C., & Hwang, G. J. (2018). Research trends of flipped classroom studies for medical courses: a review of journal publications from 2008 to 2017 based on the technology-enhanced learning model. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, H. B. (1989). Self-directed learning: Emerging theory & practice. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, H. B., & Redding, T. R. (1991). Self-directed learning dissertation abstracts 1966–1991. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majeed, A., Fraser, B. J., & Aldridge, J. M. (2002). Learning environment and its association with student satisfaction among mathematics students in Brunei Darussalam. Learning Environments Research,5(2), 203–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mezirow, J. (1985). A critical theory of self-directed learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education,25, 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. L. (2002). Focus group interviewing. In Handbook of interview research: Context and method (pp. 141–159).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Flaherty, J., & Phillips, C. (2015). The use of flipped classrooms in higher education: A scoping review. The Internet and Higher Education,25, 85–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pintrich, P., & Schunk, D. (1996). The role of expectancy and self-efficacy beliefs. Motivation in Education: Theory, Research & Applications (3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeve, J., Ryan, R., Deci, E. L., & Jang, H. (2008). Understanding and promoting autonomous self-regulation: A self-determination theory perspective. In Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications, (pp. 223–244).

    Google Scholar 

  • Relan, A. (1992). Motivational strategies in computer-based instruction: Some lessons from theories and models of motivation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. (2011). The educational affordances of blogs for self-directed learning. Computers & Education,57(2), 1628–1644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, G. W., & Gregor, P. (1999). A computer based learning system for teaching computing: Implementation and evaluation. Computers & Education,33(1), 65–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sha, L., Looi, C. K., Chen, W., & Zhang, B. H. (2012). Understanding mobile learning from the perspective of self-regulated learning. Journal of Computer Assisted learning,28(4), 366–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sink, C. A., & Spencer, L. R. (2005). My Class Inventory-Short Form as an accountability tool for elementary school counselors to measure classroom climate. Professional School Counseling, 9(1), 2156759X0500900112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. C., Fraser, B. J., & Fisher, D. L. (1997). Monitoring constructivist classroom learning environments. International Journal of Educational Research,27, 293–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. (1998). Five methodology errors in educational research: The pantheon of statistical significance and other faux pas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, K., & Fraser, B. J. (1998). Qualitative and quantitative landscapes of classroom learning environments. In B. J. Fraser & K. G. Tobin (Eds.), International handbook of science education (pp. 623–640). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tough, A. (1979). The adult’s learning projects: A fresh approach to theory and practice in adult learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, D., Kennedy, D., & Kwok, R. C. W. (2009). Does using mobile device applications lead to learning? Journal of Interactive Learning Research,20(4), 469–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, E. D. (1997). Interactivity: From agents to outcomes. New Directions for Teaching and Learning,71, 19–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wegener, R., & Leimeister, J. M. (2012). Peer creation of e-learning materials to enhance learning success and satisfaction in an information systems course. In ECIS 2012 Proceedings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S. J., & Fraser, B. J. (2008). Learning environment, attitudes and achievement among middle-school science students using inquiry-based laboratory activities. Research in science education,38(3), 321–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeidner, M., Boekaerts, M., & Pintrich, P. R. (2000). Self-regulation: Directions and challenges for future research. In Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 749–768).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology,81(3), 329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13–39).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, B. J., & Martínez-Pons, M. (1992). Perceptions of efficacy and strategy use in the self-regulation of learning. Student perceptions in the classroom, 185–207.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Noi Keng Koh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Koh, N.K., Fraser, B.J., Hoi, WH. (2020). Flipped Instruction Among Medical Students in Singapore. In: Walker, Z., Tan, D., Koh, N.K. (eds) Flipped Classrooms with Diverse Learners. Springer Texts in Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4171-1_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4171-1_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4170-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4171-1

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics