Abstract
As far back as 1962, the psychologist Jerome Bruner envisaged a future in which artificial intelligence would take on many of the tasks that humans traditionally perform. We are now entering an Age of Digitalisation, often referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Industry 4.0, in which we are seeing Bruner’s prediction come to pass.
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Notes
- 1.
Bruner, J. S. (1962). On knowing: Essays for the left hand. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
- 2.
I prefer to use the term competency rather than skill. A competency involves knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and skills, so is a better representation of what creativity actually is.
- 3.
ELIZA was a natural language processing program developed to show the limitations of human–computer communications. Despite this, many users attributed human-like qualities to the program.
- 4.
Louis Pasteur’s famous observation.
- 5.
I recommend, for example, Melissa Schilling’s book Quirky (2018) published by Public Affairs (New York), or Amina Khan’s Adapt (2017) published by Atlantic Books (London).
- 6.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370.
- 7.
Maslow, A. H. (1974). Creativity in self-actualising people. Readings in human development: A humanistic approach (pp. 107–117). In fact, the source of this reference is a lecture Maslow gave in February, 1958—itself interesting in the history of the modern era of creativity. This lecture took place only months after the launch of Sputnik I—the world’s first artificial satellite—that event being seen as the spark of the modern interest in creativity.
- 8.
We only need to look at the cover image of a special Issue of TIME Magazine, published in August 2018, to see that this myth is alive and well. The cover tells us that it is a special issue on the Science of Creativity but shows an image of the two hemispheres of the human brain, with the right hemisphere brightly splashed with many colours, while the left hemisphere is blank. Not only does this reinforce the myth that creativity is art, but it also suggests that creativity is confined to the right hemisphere—a notion also debunked in recent years by brain imaging studies.
- 9.
See, for example, Cropley, D. H., & Cropley, A. J. (2005). Engineering creativity: A systems concept of functional creativity. In J. C. Kaufman & J. Baer (Eds.), Creativity Across Domains: Faces of the Muse, (Chapter 10, pp. 169–185). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
- 10.
Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) popularised this system of taxonomy, but French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is regarded as its inventor.
- 11.
Another cautionary note here—if you don’t believe in evolution, you might want to skip ahead.
- 12.
Torque, very simply, is rotational force.
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Cropley, D.H. (2020). Introduction. In: Femina Problematis Solvendis—Problem solving Woman. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3967-1_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3967-1_1
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